tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40755247486160318512024-03-15T11:53:31.175-04:00Aaron's EssaysThoughts from Aaron Sherman, owner and maintainer of AJS.COM and 3d6.netAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.comBlogger251125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-87942366960163379532018-09-28T11:25:00.001-04:002018-09-28T11:25:39.825-04:00How we conduct ourselves, politically, is importantJudge Kavanaugh is currently in the process of being confirmed for the United States Supreme Court. He stands accused of some horrific behavior, which it is neither the job of the US Senate to try nor convict. It is, however, their role to advise and consent over the nomination of this candidate, and to that end, they should always demand all of the facts.
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As a conservative, I value the status quo. I value established procedure and working systems of governance. In this case, that means valuing the time-honored process by which we deal with new information during a confirmation process: we re-open the FBI background investigation and take the results of the expanded background check into account during the remaining confirmation process. This is not a Democratic or Republican process, it is the process of the United States Senate.
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Yet we are told that such an investigation is not necessary, that it is a stalling tactic, that it is not what the FBI does (!) and that it can not and will not be employed now. Here's the fact of the matter: there is a mid-term election looming. The Democrats want to delay the vote on Kavanaugh until after the election. Republicans want to ram the vote through before the election. Neither one should have their way. The process isn't new or contrived. The process has its own pace, and if it takes longer than Republicans would like or ends sooner than Democrats would like, that's not relevant. What's relevant is that, when we look back at this in several years, we see a thoughtful, respectful and thorough process that confirmed or failed to confirm a Judge to the Supreme Court with all due consideration.
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I don't feel that that's what we're getting, and that concerns me as a conservative. I think it should concern you as an American.
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-2675075612044072272018-06-22T13:13:00.002-04:002018-06-22T13:13:40.431-04:00Conservative vs. Republican: The new political landscapeThe Republican party, from around 2000 to the present day, has been the central focus of the ire of the left. But it's also been a problem for another political grouping: conservatives. Generally, in the US, we label everything right of center, "conservative," and everything left of center, "liberal," but this is not what those terms actually mean. The mashing up of political terminology has lead to some very strange political bedfellows, and it's only creeping into further disarray. I'm not sure if I can address the issue, even as a seed of discussion, but I'm going to try.<br />
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Conservatism is, historically, a position divided between two fundamental positions: that the structures of society are our lifeline, and that no matter what we may think of them, any change to their status should be viewed with skepticism and resistance; and that land-ownership is the currency of social influence and should remain so. The latter position has waned over the centuries since conservatism first appeared, and for the most part, conservatism is now mostly the former: the idea that change is dangerous and should be accompanied by a restraint that is thoughtful, skeptical, but not absolute.<br />
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Inherent in the conservative position is a rather unpleasant fact that many conservatives do not care for: we're often wrong. As with the sciences, the assertion is not that we're right. The assertion is that change should be accomplished methodically and with a tendency to take one step back as needed, not because where we started was right, but because where we started was functional, even where it was not always just or equitable.<br />
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The modern US Republican party, on the other hand, is not generally acting as a conservative organization. It's a progressive party that favors the interests of certain socioeconomic groups (mostly business) and of fundamentalist Christian churches. This can be seen clearly in the legislation that the Republican party advances, almost all of which is not conservative in the least.<br />
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Let's take health care as an example. There's nothing particularly liberal/conservative inherently about health care anymore. In FDR's time, it was clearly a liberal/conservative issue, and FDR's creation of Medicare and Medicaid was a starkly liberal policy move, which conservatives opposed strongly. You can look back at the debates around those moves and see the profound split between the two. Some people were arguing ideologically that the government should not be in the business of what they viewed as charity, or at the very least insurance, and that's both a conservative and not a conservative position. In so far as it had not been the job of the Federal Government up until that time, it's clear that this is a conservative position: don't change the nature of the government.<br />
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But the ideology that says that it shouldn't be the job of the government isn't conservative. It's actually unrelated to the conservative position entirely. You might agree as a conservative, but that's not <i>because you're a conservative</i>.<br />
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Today, however, health care is not the same issue. Medicare and Medicaid are established parts of our Federal Government's role, and they have rotted. They are fundamentally not working, as evidenced by the fact that nations with far, far more comprehensive offerings spend less per capita on their health care policies. This doesn't mean that the US should have universal heath care. It's simply that what we have doesn't work financially, and yet we have become a nation that provides, to some extent, for those who cannot provide for themselves, due to injury, age, illness, poverty, what have you.<br />
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So, what is the conservative position on health care? It's simple. What we are doing now should be maintained in so far as it works and shifted toward known operable solutions where it is failing. Notice that none of that is pro- or anti-health care. None of that is about "Obamacare" either positive or negative. None of that is about ending or shifting any benefits or privatizing anything. None of those positions have anything to do with conservatism. They are Republican or Democratic policy points, and that's it. The conservatives are the adults in the room saying, "look, whatever you do, don't break the country," and we have to say that to Republicans just as often as to Democrats, but because the Republicans are believed by the general public to be the conservative party, they often get a pass on these issues, and get to brand their version of progressivism as conservatism.<br />
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Saying doesn't make it so, though. Conservatives are ultimately locked to the middle of the spectrum because we must favor the established structures. We're the ones saying, "a smooth transition of power around elections is more important than who wins." We're the ones saying, "the continuity of the role of the Federal Government is more important than rolling back policies that offend your ideology." We're the ones saying that working with those of any political party is more valuable than enshrining your political wins.<br />
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When you see any major policy change being claimed by "conservatives," ask yourself, "is this change being made with skeptical hesitation and a preference to existing structures or is it an attempt to push an ideological shift in the way the government works?" If it's the latter it's not conservative.<br />
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So what is the right and what is the Republican party if not conservative? Generally, the Republican party tends to favor a modified version of conservatism that's sometimes called "traditionalism." That is, the idea that there was an "original" established order that changed at some point and that order is what we must return to. It's not about preventing unwarranted change to the existing status quo, but about unsettling it in favor of a (perhaps imaginary) past status quo. Traditionalism is the true foil of progressiveness, because it will arbitrarily align itself against the goals of progressiveness, whereas conservatism will re-align itself with formerly progressive ideas over time, as they prove functional and entrench themselves within the status quo.<br />
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I hope this has allowed you to re-think what conservatism is, and will inform your views on what conservative policy really is going forward. And as a personal plea, I ask that you consider that not everyone who thinks that reaching out in all directions to he hand of rational and hard-working members of our society is ever a problem. I want you to ask your "opposite" number to help, aid and assist in the rebuilding of whatever social structures fail. I want you to be a community, not a collection of insular islands of fear, uncertainty and doubt. Love your neighbor, not just in theory, but in absolute terms. Respect their views and see the world through their eyes. If you're a tree-hugging liberal and they are a gun-toting traditionalist, ask them over for lunch and talk about the good you can do together. Embrace our society over your ideology. When the right does something terrible, attack it, but don't attack the people on the right. When the left does something terrible, attack it, but don't attack the people on the left.<br />
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We are not the government. Render under Ceasar what is Caesar's but do not forget what doesn't belong to him. <i>We</i> don't belong to our government. The opposite is true. It is one of our most valuable creations, and we must protect it, defend it, and nurture it as we would our own child, but never elevate it to the status of an ideology.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-28527505364251868932017-09-25T18:18:00.000-04:002017-09-25T18:18:00.837-04:00Drawing from your investments isn't free: How to incomeHere's a tidbit to consider before we get into the details: You have $100,000 in some sort of investment, let's call it stocks (equities in the investing lingo). Let's say that you never touch the principal (however much you had at the start of last year, each year). If you do everything wrong, what's the worst outcome you could have in 10 years?<br />
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Not touching the principal is one of those rules everyone hears about, it seems reasonable. Leave your money invested and let it make money for you! Great idea, but is it more complicated than that? Well, as it turns out, yes.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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There are many sorts of investing, and the one most people think about when they hear the word is long-term investing. This is the simplest case: you want to put money in a deep, dark hole and forget about it, other than to occasionally look in the hole and see more money than you put in. Someday you'll want to take that money out, but that day is at least 20 years away. The classic example is a retirement account for someone that's under 40 years old.<br />
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The consensus of the industry is that until you have about $2m in liquid assets to invest, there's no point in doing anything other than broad market equity indexes for this class of investing. There are some caveats, but basically you never want to be in the business of trying to out-guess the market. You'll lose.<br />
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But what do you do if you need that money back out or if you need to draw an income from that money every year? What if you're trying to use that money to run a business or as your primary income?<br />
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This is a harder problem. There are many approaches, but they depend heavily on what you mean by "back out" or "draw".<br />
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This is called "income investing". The simplest case, here, is simply wanting to "draw down" the investment. That is, you have a pot of money, and you want to draw some amount of income from it every year until it's gone.<br />
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Some of the most challenging problems, however, come about when you want to gain some returns, but at the same time draw on they money you have over time. This is more complicated because you have two problems at once, or in the language of mathematics, you have two variables which you are trying to optimize.<br />
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There are many factors that influence income investing, from taxes to how much income you want to draw to how long you want to draw from it to how much you want to be left (if any) at the end.<br />
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Many people know one piece of traditional wisdom around such income: never touch the principal.<br />
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It turns out, this is wrong. It's actually extremely dangerous that people keep saying this without understanding what it means. Many forms of income investing involve specifically drawing down the principal over time (a retirement account, for example, unless you're trying to leave an inheritance). But the other issue is that "principal" is a vague term. There's your starting principal (the $100,000 in the example at the lead of the article) and there's the value of your investments at any point in time.<br />
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Let's return to the question that lead into the article: can you run out of money only drawing from the interest? Yep. In fact, it's quite easy to do.<br />
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So, here's the case that most people think of in this situation:<br />
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<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Balance"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Balance </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest Rate"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Interest Rate</td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Interest </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Withdrawral"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Withdrawal </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":100000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 100,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,000.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":101000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 101,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5050}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,050.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4040}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,040.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":102010}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 102,010.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5100.5}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,100.50 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4080.4}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,080.40 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":103030.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 103,030.10 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5151.505000000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,151.51 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4121.204000000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,121.20 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":104060.40100000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 104,060.40 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5203.020050000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,203.02 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4162.416040000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,162.42 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":105101.00501000002}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 105,101.01 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5255.050250500001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,255.05 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4204.040200400001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,204.04 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":106152.01506010002}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 106,152.02 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5307.600753005001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,307.60 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4246.080602404001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,246.08 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><div>
<b>Our "strategy" is to draw 4% of the balance each year</b>. This works well, and we get an income that rises slowly with inflation, while never "touching the principal". Nice, eh? Not so much.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Here's what happens in one real-world scenario where the market doesn't politely give you 5% every year:</div>
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<style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: arial,sans,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; table-layout: fixed; width: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Balance"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Balance </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest Rate"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Interest Rate</td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Interest </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Withdrawal"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Withdrawal </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":100000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 100,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":10000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 10,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,000.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":106000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 106,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.3}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-30.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-31800}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (31,800.00)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4240}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,240.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":69960}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 69,960.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.03}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2098.7999999999997}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,098.80 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2798.4}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,798.40 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":69260.40000000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 69,260.40 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":10389.060000000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 10,389.06 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2770.4160000000006}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,770.42 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":76879.04400000001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 76,879.04 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.2}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">20.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":15375.808800000003}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 15,375.81 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3075.1617600000004}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 3,075.16 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":89179.69104}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 89,179.69 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.04}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-4.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-3567.1876416000005}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (3,567.19)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3567.1876416000005}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 3,567.19 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":82045.3157568}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 82,045.32 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":8204.531575680001}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 8,204.53 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-3]*0.04" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3281.812630272}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 3,281.81 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div>
Over the same 7-year period, you lose nearly 20% of your principal and so your returns are dropping at the same time. This is obviously because there was a very bad year, in there, but bad years happen, and -30% isn't even the worst year so far this century, much less the worst on record!</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
But we broke our rule. We drew from principal. In the second, third and second-to-last years, we drew more than the interest. So what if we cap our withdrawals at the interest earned. This will require that we wait until the year is over to draw, but that's fine.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: arial,sans,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; table-layout: fixed; width: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Balance"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Balance </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest Rate"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;">Interest Rate</td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Interest </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Withdrawal"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"> Withdrawal </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":100000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 100,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":10000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 10,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,000.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":106000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 106,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.3}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-30.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-31800}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (31,800.00)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":74200}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 74,200.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.03}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2226}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,226.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2226}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,226.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":74200}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 74,200.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":11130}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 11,130.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2968}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,968.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":82362}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 82,362.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.2}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">20.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":16472.4}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 16,472.40 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3294.48}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 3,294.48 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":95539.92}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 95,539.92 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.04}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-4.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-3821.5968}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (3,821.60)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":91718.3232}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 91,718.32 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":9171.83232}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 9,171.83 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(R[0]C[-3]*0.04, R[0]C[-1]))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3668.732928}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 3,668.73 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Wait! We never drew from the principal, so how is it that we have less money at the end than we started with?!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This is the danger of thinking of your interest as separate from the principal. What you're actually doing is drawing from the rebounds of the market, so when your principal should be coming back to where it was, you're sucking away those gains. It's exactly as bad to draw when the market is moving up as it is to draw when it's moving down, so by limiting only one side of that equation, you've only constrained the problem, not eliminated it.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
There are many ways to address this problem. You can only draw in years when the principal is larger than it's ever been before, and in those years only draw some fraction (say, 50%) of the interest, but this can lead to very long periods with no returns at all. In fact, just about every model that doesn't involve taking a tiny fraction of returns every year will result in periods of no returns. But you can optimize that a bit by averaging.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Here's the long-term result of drawing 4% of the principal every year, up to the average returns over the past 5 years in the face of a fairly catastrophic pair of years (-30% and -50% in the mix). This is called a "5-year rolling average":</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: arial, sans, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Balance"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"> Balance </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest Rate"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;">Interest Rate</td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Interest"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"> Interest </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Withdrawal"}" style="font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;"> Withdrawal </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":100000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 100,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":10000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 10,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R2C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,000.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":106000}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 106,000.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.3}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-30.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-31800}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (31,800.00)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R2C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":74200}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 74,200.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.03}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2226}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 2,226.00 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R2C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":76426}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 76,426.00 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":11463.9}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 11,463.90 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R2C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":87889.9}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 87,889.90 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.2}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">20.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":17577.98}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 17,577.98 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-4]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":946.7879999999999}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 946.79 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":104521.09199999999}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 104,521.09 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.04}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-4.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-4180.84368}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (4,180.84)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":440.58635999999996}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 440.59 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":99899.66195999998}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 99,899.66 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":9989.966196}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 9,989.97 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":439.7502096666667}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 439.75 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":109449.8779463333}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 109,449.88 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":16417.481691949994}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 16,417.48 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4377.995117853332}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,378.00 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":121489.36452042995}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 121,489.36 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.2}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">20.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":24297.87290408599}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 24,297.87 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4859.574580817199}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,859.57 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":140927.66284369875}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 140,927.66 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.5}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-50.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-70463.83142184938}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (70,463.83)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":70463.83142184938}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 70,463.83 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">-10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":-7046.383142184938}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ (7,046.38)</td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":63417.44827966444}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 63,417.45 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":9512.617241949665}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 9,512.62 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":72930.0655216141}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 72,930.07 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.2}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">20.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":14586.013104322821}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 14,586.01 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":87516.07862593692}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 87,516.08 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":8751.607862593692}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 8,751.61 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":96267.68648853061}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 96,267.69 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":14440.152973279592}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 14,440.15 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":110707.8394618102}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 110,707.84 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">0.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ - </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3353.6673366634022}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 3,353.67 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":107354.1721251468}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 107,354.17 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.05}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5367.70860625734}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,367.71 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4294.166885005872}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,294.17 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":108427.71384639826}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 108,427.71 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.2}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">20.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":21685.54276927965}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 21,685.54 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4337.10855385593}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 4,337.11 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":125776.14806182198}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 125,776.15 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.15}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">15.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":18866.422209273296}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 18,866.42 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5031.045922472879}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,031.05 </td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-formula="=R[-1]C[0]+R[-1]C[2]-R[-1]C[3]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":139611.5243486224}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 139,611.52 </td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0.00%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":0.1}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">10.00%</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*R[0]C[-1]" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":13961.15243486224}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 13,961.15 </td><td data-sheets-formula="=MAX(0, MIN(AVERAGE(R[-5]C[-1]:R[0]C[-1])*0.5, R[0]C[-3]*0.04))" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"_(\"$\"* #,##0.00_);_(\"$\"* \\(#,##0.00\\);_(\"$\"* \"-\"??_);_(@_)","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5584.460973944896}" style="overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;"> $ 5,584.46 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Here, the returns do have gaps, but notice that the net result is very similar to only withdrawing in years that have new all-time-high balances, but you get a few extra years as well.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
If you want to learn more about how this sort of income investing works, here are a couple sources to start with:</div>
<br /><ul>
<li>Ang, Andrew. Asset Management: A Systematic Approach to Factor Investing, (Oxford University Press, 2014)</li>
<li>Tacchino, Kenn. "<a href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/five-strategies-for-drawing-down-retirement-assets-2015-08-22" target="_blank">How to drawdown retirement assets: the strategies</a>", MarketWatch.com (MarketWatch, Inc. 2015)</li>
<li>Kirkpatrick, Darrow. “<a href="http://time.com/money/4166109/best-retirement-withdrawal-strategies/" target="_blank">These Are the Best Retirement Withdrawal Strategies</a>”, Money (Time.com, Jan 04, 2016)</li>
</ul>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-79859421039981240762016-04-04T21:00:00.000-04:002016-04-04T21:00:23.439-04:00Style guide style guide<span style="font-family: inherit;">After looking over <a href="https://google.github.io/styleguide/shell.xml" target="_blank">Google's style guide for shell scripting</a>, I feel like I need to write up what should be obvious: the style guide for style guides. It's a common failing of coder culture that we think it's best to try to write style guide documentation as if it were code, being as explicit as possible and catching exceptional conditions where possible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Unfortunately, the audience is not a computer, it's a programmer, and programmers do many things that computers don't:</span><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ignore large sections of prose</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Discard the parts they disagree with</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Become defensive</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">So, to avoid these problems, here are some simple guidelines along with examples from the Google document.<a name='more'></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Keep it short</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Don't include anything that you would expect most code reviews to catch.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Here's what the Google style guide had to say on line length:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Maximum line length is 80 characters.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">Generally speaking programmers are familiar with the need to limit line length, and if they're not, they will be after their first code review. This is an unnecessary element of a style guide that will probably result in many people just giving up reading it.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Don't include links unless you're sure</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">The Google style guide contains a link to the C++ style guide. That seems reasonable. The problem is that the link is dead. There's nothing that makes your document seem obsolete and unmaintained faster than a dead-link. If you're going to include a link, figure out how you're going to maintain it when it changes and how you will detect that. Links are effectively code, and your code should be tested.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>Dictate the goal, not the method</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">For example, the style guide in question describes indentation:</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Use blank lines between blocks to improve readability. Indentation is two spaces. Whatever you do, don't use tabs. For existing files, stay faithful to the existing indentation.</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It's clear from context that what they were trying to do was to get programmers to use a common convention and not break others' editors with context-sensitive tabs. That could just as easily have been stated as, "Don't use raw tab characters and generally indent to maintain consistency with existing code bases." Mandating two spaces isn't necessary if that's the local convention already and if it's not, then the style guide isn't going to change that.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<b>Don't mandate aesthetics</b><br />
<br />
As with whitespace, coding style guides for businesses shouldn't be telling people what kind of code they should consider beautiful. Here's an example:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Put ; do and ; then on the same line as the while, for or if</blockquote>
This too could simply have been a call for consistency: "Format do/then block constructs consistently with existing code." But instead, the author of this guide is trying to make sure that code that they have to look at will be pleasing to their eyes.<br />
<br />
<b>Consider cost</b><br />
<br />
Consider that the amount of time consumed <i>reading your style guide</i> will probably cost more than the money it will take to pay you to write it. Every time you inject something into it, you're spending money twice. That money should have some return.<br />
<br />
<b>Separate "best practice" from "known pitfalls"</b><br />
<br />
All too often, style guides suggest something for opaque reasons. In many cases, the reason for a rule is vastly more important than the rule. For example, the Google style guide actually does explain its reasons when it suggests the use of "<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">[[..]]</span>" over "<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">[...]</span>":<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
[[ ... ]] is preferred over [, test and /usr/bin/[.<br />[[ ... ]] reduces errors as no pathname expansion or word splitting takes place</blockquote>
Users of the style guide are warned in this way that when they see uses of "<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">[...]</span>", they should be aware of the potential bugs that might have been introduced!<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-15987442911846771852016-03-05T11:13:00.000-05:002016-03-05T11:13:11.546-05:00Choosing a Unicode PINPINs (not "PIN number," please) are <a href="http://datagenetics.com/blog/september32012/index.html" target="_blank">often chosen poorly</a>. Among the most common PINs are "0000" and "1234"... in fact over 10% of PINs are 1234, seriously?! Your pin doesn't have to be weapons-grade-cryptography ready (it can't be, anyway) but it should be less guessable than <a href="https://youtu.be/_JNGI1dI-e8" target="_blank">Mel Brooks' luggage combination.</a><br />
<br />
To that end, I present you with a most helpful resource: the Unicode PIN mappings. These are characters from the international Unicode set (the way computers store characters from nearly every language on Earth) that have a four-number representation that you can use in a PIN code. Since many Unicdoe characters either aren't actually characters (things like an umlaut that only have meaning when combined with another character, or "non-printing" characters like a non-breaking space which are used in formatting) I've pared the list down to just the ones that have some basic visual representation. Also, the codes for Unicode characters are most often (and here) represented by what's called "hexadecimal" notation, so I've removed all of the ones that contain letters in that representation.<br />
<br />
What you're left with is pure gold for selecting and remembering a non-obvious PIN. If you ever forget your PIN, then a quick Google search for the name of the symbol plus "unicode" will turn it up in no time. A few examples from the big list:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">! (EXCLAMATION MARK) <b>0021</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁇ (DOUBLE QUESTION MARK) <b>2047</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">™ (TRADE MARK SIGN) <b>2122</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">↑ (UPWARDS ARROW) <b>2191</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☁ (CLOUD) <b>2601</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☂ (UMBRELLA) <b>2602</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✡ (STAR OF DAVID) <b>2721</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">け (HIRAGANA LETTER KE) <b>3051</b></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
And the whole list:<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">! (EXCLAMATION MARK) 0021 " (QUOTATION MARK) 0022</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"># (NUMBER SIGN) 0023 $ (DOLLAR SIGN) 0024</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">% (PERCENT SIGN) 0025 & (AMPERSAND) 0026</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">' (APOSTROPHE) 0027 ( (LEFT PARENTHESIS) 0028</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">) (RIGHT PARENTHESIS) 0029 0 (DIGIT ZERO) 0030</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">1 (DIGIT ONE) 0031 2 (DIGIT TWO) 0032</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">3 (DIGIT THREE) 0033 4 (DIGIT FOUR) 0034</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">5 (DIGIT FIVE) 0035 6 (DIGIT SIX) 0036</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">7 (DIGIT SEVEN) 0037 8 (DIGIT EIGHT) 0038</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">9 (DIGIT NINE) 0039 @ (COMMERCIAL AT) 0040</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">A (CAPITAL LETTER A) 0041 B (CAPITAL LETTER B) 0042</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">C (CAPITAL LETTER C) 0043 D (CAPITAL LETTER D) 0044</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">E (CAPITAL LETTER E) 0045 F (CAPITAL LETTER F) 0046</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">G (CAPITAL LETTER G) 0047 H (CAPITAL LETTER H) 0048</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">I (CAPITAL LETTER I) 0049 P (CAPITAL LETTER P) 0050</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Q (CAPITAL LETTER Q) 0051 R (CAPITAL LETTER R) 0052</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">S (CAPITAL LETTER S) 0053 T (CAPITAL LETTER T) 0054</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">U (CAPITAL LETTER U) 0055 V (CAPITAL LETTER V) 0056</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">W (CAPITAL LETTER W) 0057 X (CAPITAL LETTER X) 0058</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Y (CAPITAL LETTER Y) 0059 ` (GRAVE ACCENT) 0060</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">a (SMALL LETTER A) 0061 b (SMALL LETTER B) 0062</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">c (SMALL LETTER C) 0063 d (SMALL LETTER D) 0064</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">e (SMALL LETTER E) 0065 f (SMALL LETTER F) 0066</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">g (SMALL LETTER G) 0067 h (SMALL LETTER H) 0068</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">i (SMALL LETTER I) 0069 p (SMALL LETTER P) 0070</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">q (SMALL LETTER Q) 0071 r (SMALL LETTER R) 0072</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">s (SMALL LETTER S) 0073 t (SMALL LETTER T) 0074</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">u (SMALL LETTER U) 0075 v (SMALL LETTER V) 0076</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">w (SMALL LETTER W) 0077 x (SMALL LETTER X) 0078</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">y (SMALL LETTER Y) 0079 Ā (CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON) 0100</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ā (SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON) 0101 Ă (CAPITAL LETTER A WITH BREVE) 0102</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ă (SMALL LETTER A WITH BREVE) 0103 Ą (CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK) 0104</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ą (SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK) 0105 Ć (CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE) 0106</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ć (SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE) 0107 Ĉ (CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0108</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ĉ (SMALL LETTER C WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0109 Đ (CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE) 0110</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">đ (SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE) 0111 Ē (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON) 0112</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ē (SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON) 0113 Ĕ (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH BREVE) 0114</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ĕ (SMALL LETTER E WITH BREVE) 0115 Ė (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE) 0116</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ė (SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE) 0117 Ę (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK) 0118</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ę (SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK) 0119 Ġ (CAPITAL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE) 0120</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ġ (SMALL LETTER G WITH DOT ABOVE) 0121 Ģ (CAPITAL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA) 0122</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ģ (SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA) 0123 Ĥ (CAPITAL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0124</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ĥ (SMALL LETTER H WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0125 Ħ (CAPITAL LETTER H WITH STROKE) 0126</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ħ (SMALL LETTER H WITH STROKE) 0127 Ĩ (CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE) 0128</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ĩ (SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE) 0129 İ (CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE) 0130</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ı (SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I) 0131 IJ (CAPITAL LIGATURE IJ) 0132</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ij (SMALL LIGATURE IJ) 0133 Ĵ (CAPITAL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0134</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ĵ (SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0135 Ķ (CAPITAL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA) 0136</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ķ (SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA) 0137 ĸ (SMALL LETTER KRA) 0138</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ĺ (CAPITAL LETTER L WITH ACUTE) 0139 ŀ (SMALL LETTER L WITH MIDDLE DOT) 0140</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ł (CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE) 0141 ł (SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE) 0142</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ń (CAPITAL LETTER N WITH ACUTE) 0143 ń (SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE) 0144</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ņ (CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA) 0145 ņ (SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA) 0146</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ň (CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CARON) 0147 ň (SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON) 0148</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʼn (SMALL LETTER N PRECEDED BY APOSTROPHE) 0149 Ő (CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE) 0150</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ő (SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE) 0151 Œ (CAPITAL LIGATURE OE) 0152</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">œ (SMALL LIGATURE OE) 0153 Ŕ (CAPITAL LETTER R WITH ACUTE) 0154</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ŕ (SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE) 0155 Ŗ (CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA) 0156</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ŗ (SMALL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA) 0157 Ř (CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CARON) 0158</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ř (SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON) 0159 Š (CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON) 0160</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">š (SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON) 0161 Ţ (CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA) 0162</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ţ (SMALL LETTER T WITH CEDILLA) 0163 Ť (CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CARON) 0164</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ť (SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON) 0165 Ŧ (CAPITAL LETTER T WITH STROKE) 0166</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ŧ (SMALL LETTER T WITH STROKE) 0167 Ũ (CAPITAL LETTER U WITH TILDE) 0168</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ũ (SMALL LETTER U WITH TILDE) 0169 Ű (CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE) 0170</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ű (SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE) 0171 Ų (CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK) 0172</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ų (SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK) 0173 Ŵ (CAPITAL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0174</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ŵ (SMALL LETTER W WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0175 Ŷ (CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0176</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ŷ (SMALL LETTER Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX) 0177 Ÿ (CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH DIAERESIS) 0178</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ź (CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE) 0179 ƀ (SMALL LETTER B WITH STROKE) 0180</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ɓ (CAPITAL LETTER B WITH HOOK) 0181 Ƃ (CAPITAL LETTER B WITH TOPBAR) 0182</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ƃ (SMALL LETTER B WITH TOPBAR) 0183 Ƅ (CAPITAL LETTER TONE SIX) 0184</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ƅ (SMALL LETTER TONE SIX) 0185 Ɔ (CAPITAL LETTER OPEN O) 0186</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ƈ (CAPITAL LETTER C WITH HOOK) 0187 ƈ (SMALL LETTER C WITH HOOK) 0188</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ɖ (CAPITAL LETTER AFRICAN D) 0189 Ɛ (CAPITAL LETTER OPEN E) 0190</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ƒ (CAPITAL LETTER F WITH HOOK) 0191 ƒ (SMALL LETTER F WITH HOOK) 0192</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ɠ (CAPITAL LETTER G WITH HOOK) 0193 Ɣ (CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA) 0194</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ƕ (SMALL LETTER HV) 0195 Ɩ (CAPITAL LETTER IOTA) 0196</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ɨ (CAPITAL LETTER I WITH STROKE) 0197 Ƙ (CAPITAL LETTER K WITH HOOK) 0198</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ƙ (SMALL LETTER K WITH HOOK) 0199 Ȁ (CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0200</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȁ (SMALL LETTER A WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0201 Ȃ (CAPITAL LETTER A WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0202</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȃ (SMALL LETTER A WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0203 Ȅ (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0204</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȅ (SMALL LETTER E WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0205 Ȇ (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0206</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȇ (SMALL LETTER E WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0207 Ȉ (CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0208</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȉ (SMALL LETTER I WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0209 Ȑ (CAPITAL LETTER R WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0210</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȑ (SMALL LETTER R WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0211 Ȓ (CAPITAL LETTER R WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0212</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȓ (SMALL LETTER R WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0213 Ȕ (CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0214</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȕ (SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE GRAVE) 0215 Ȗ (CAPITAL LETTER U WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0216</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȗ (SMALL LETTER U WITH INVERTED BREVE) 0217 Ș (CAPITAL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW) 0218</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ș (SMALL LETTER S WITH COMMA BELOW) 0219 Ƞ (CAPITAL LETTER N WITH LONG RIGHT LEG) 0220</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȡ (SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL) 0221 Ȣ (CAPITAL LETTER OU) 0222</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȣ (SMALL LETTER OU) 0223 Ȥ (CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH HOOK) 0224</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȥ (SMALL LETTER Z WITH HOOK) 0225 Ȧ (CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE) 0226</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȧ (SMALL LETTER A WITH DOT ABOVE) 0227 Ȩ (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CEDILLA) 0228</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȩ (SMALL LETTER E WITH CEDILLA) 0229 Ȱ (CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON) 0230</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȱ (SMALL LETTER O WITH DOT ABOVE AND MACRON) 0231 Ȳ (CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH MACRON) 0232</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȳ (SMALL LETTER Y WITH MACRON) 0233 ȴ (SMALL LETTER L WITH CURL) 0234</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȵ (SMALL LETTER N WITH CURL) 0235 ȶ (SMALL LETTER T WITH CURL) 0236</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȷ (SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J) 0237 ȸ (SMALL LETTER DB DIGRAPH) 0238</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ȹ (SMALL LETTER QP DIGRAPH) 0239 ɀ (SMALL LETTER Z WITH SWASH TAIL) 0240</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ɂ (CAPITAL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP) 0241 ɂ (SMALL LETTER GLOTTAL STOP) 0242</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ƀ (CAPITAL LETTER B WITH STROKE) 0243 Ʉ (CAPITAL LETTER U BAR) 0244</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ʌ (CAPITAL LETTER TURNED V) 0245 Ɇ (CAPITAL LETTER E WITH STROKE) 0246</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɇ (SMALL LETTER E WITH STROKE) 0247 Ɉ (CAPITAL LETTER J WITH STROKE) 0248</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɉ (SMALL LETTER J WITH STROKE) 0249 ɐ (SMALL LETTER TURNED A) 0250</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɑ (SMALL LETTER ALPHA) 0251 ɒ (SMALL LETTER TURNED ALPHA) 0252</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɓ (SMALL LETTER B WITH HOOK) 0253 ɔ (SMALL LETTER OPEN O) 0254</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɕ (SMALL LETTER C WITH CURL) 0255 ɖ (SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL) 0256</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɗ (SMALL LETTER D WITH HOOK) 0257 ɘ (SMALL LETTER REVERSED E) 0258</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ə (SMALL LETTER SCHWA) 0259 ɠ (SMALL LETTER G WITH HOOK) 0260</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɡ (SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G) 0261 ɢ (LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G) 0262</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɣ (SMALL LETTER GAMMA) 0263 ɤ (SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN) 0264</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɥ (SMALL LETTER TURNED H) 0265 ɦ (SMALL LETTER H WITH HOOK) 0266</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɧ (SMALL LETTER HENG WITH HOOK) 0267 ɨ (SMALL LETTER I WITH STROKE) 0268</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɩ (SMALL LETTER IOTA) 0269 ɰ (SMALL LETTER TURNED M WITH LONG LEG) 0270</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɱ (SMALL LETTER M WITH HOOK) 0271 ɲ (SMALL LETTER N WITH LEFT HOOK) 0272</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɳ (SMALL LETTER N WITH RETROFLEX HOOK) 0273 ɴ (LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N) 0274</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɵ (SMALL LETTER BARRED O) 0275 ɶ (LETTER SMALL CAPITAL OE) 0276</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɷ (SMALL LETTER CLOSED OMEGA) 0277 ɸ (SMALL LETTER PHI) 0278</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ɹ (SMALL LETTER TURNED R) 0279 ʀ (LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R) 0280</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʁ (LETTER SMALL CAPITAL INVERTED R) 0281 ʂ (SMALL LETTER S WITH HOOK) 0282</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʃ (SMALL LETTER ESH) 0283 ʄ (SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J WITH STROKE AND HOOK) 0284</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʅ (SMALL LETTER SQUAT REVERSED ESH) 0285 ʆ (SMALL LETTER ESH WITH CURL) 0286</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʇ (SMALL LETTER TURNED T) 0287 ʈ (SMALL LETTER T WITH RETROFLEX HOOK) 0288</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʉ (SMALL LETTER U BAR) 0289 ʐ (SMALL LETTER Z WITH RETROFLEX HOOK) 0290</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʑ (SMALL LETTER Z WITH CURL) 0291 ʒ (SMALL LETTER EZH) 0292</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʓ (SMALL LETTER EZH WITH CURL) 0293 ʔ (LETTER GLOTTAL STOP) 0294</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʕ (LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE) 0295 ʖ (LETTER INVERTED GLOTTAL STOP) 0296</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʗ (LETTER STRETCHED C) 0297 ʘ (LETTER BILABIAL CLICK) 0298</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ʙ (LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B) 0299 Ͱ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER HETA) 0370</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ͱ (GREEK SMALL LETTER HETA) 0371 Ͳ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ARCHAIC SAMPI) 0372</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ͳ (GREEK SMALL LETTER ARCHAIC SAMPI) 0373 ʹ (GREEK NUMERAL SIGN) 0374</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">͵ (GREEK LOWER NUMERAL SIGN) 0375 Ͷ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA) 0376</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ͷ (GREEK SMALL LETTER PAMPHYLIAN DIGAMMA) 0377 ΄ (GREEK TONOS) 0384</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">΅ (GREEK DIALYTIKA TONOS) 0385 Ά (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA WITH TONOS) 0386</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">· (GREEK ANO TELEIA) 0387 Έ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON WITH TONOS) 0388</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ή (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS) 0389 ΐ (GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS) 0390</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Α (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA) 0391 Β (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA) 0392</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Γ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA) 0393 Δ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA) 0394</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ε (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON) 0395 Ζ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA) 0396</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Η (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ETA) 0397 Θ (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER THETA) 0398</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ι (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER IOTA) 0399 Ѐ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE WITH GRAVE) 0400</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ё (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IO) 0401 Ђ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DJE) 0402</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ѓ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GJE) 0403 Є (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE) 0404</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ѕ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZE) 0405 І (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I) 0406</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ї (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YI) 0407 Ј (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER JE) 0408</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Љ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER LJE) 0409 А (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A) 0410</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Б (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE) 0411 В (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE) 0412</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Г (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE) 0413 Д (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE) 0414</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Е (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE) 0415 Ж (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE) 0416</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">З (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE) 0417 И (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I) 0418</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Й (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I) 0419 Р (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER) 0420</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">С (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES) 0421 Т (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE) 0422</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">У (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U) 0423 Ф (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF) 0424</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Х (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA) 0425 Ц (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE) 0426</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ч (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE) 0427 Ш (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA) 0428</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Щ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA) 0429 а (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A) 0430</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">б (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE) 0431 в (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE) 0432</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">г (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE) 0433 д (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE) 0434</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">е (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE) 0435 ж (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE) 0436</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">з (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE) 0437 и (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I) 0438</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">й (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I) 0439 р (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER) 0440</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">с (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES) 0441 т (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE) 0442</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">у (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U) 0443 ф (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF) 0444</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">х (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA) 0445 ц (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE) 0446</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ч (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE) 0447 ш (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA) 0448</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">щ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA) 0449 ѐ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE WITH GRAVE) 0450</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ё (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IO) 0451 ђ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DJE) 0452</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѓ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GJE) 0453 є (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE) 0454</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѕ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZE) 0455 і (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I) 0456</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ї (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI) 0457 ј (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE) 0458</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">љ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LJE) 0459 Ѡ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA) 0460</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѡ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER OMEGA) 0461 Ѣ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YAT) 0462</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѣ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT) 0463 Ѥ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTIFIED E) 0464</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѥ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED E) 0465 Ѧ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER LITTLE YUS) 0466</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѧ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LITTLE YUS) 0467 Ѩ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IOTIFIED LITTLE YUS) 0468</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѩ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IOTIFIED LITTLE YUS) 0469 Ѱ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PSI) 0470</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѱ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PSI) 0471 Ѳ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER FITA) 0472</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѳ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER FITA) 0473 Ѵ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA) 0474</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѵ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA) 0475 Ѷ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA WITH DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT) 0476</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѷ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA WITH DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT) 0477 Ѹ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UK) 0478</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ѹ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UK) 0479 Ҁ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KOPPA) 0480</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ҁ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KOPPA) 0481 ҂ (CYRILLIC THOUSANDS SIGN) 0482</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ґ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN) 0490 ґ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN) 0491</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ғ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH STROKE) 0492 ғ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH STROKE) 0493</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ҕ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH MIDDLE HOOK) 0494 ҕ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH MIDDLE HOOK) 0495</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Җ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE WITH DESCENDER) 0496 җ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE WITH DESCENDER) 0497</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ҙ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE WITH DESCENDER) 0498 ҙ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE WITH DESCENDER) 0499</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԁ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KOMI DE) 0500 ԁ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KOMI DE) 0501</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԃ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KOMI DJE) 0502 ԃ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KOMI DJE) 0503</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԅ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KOMI ZJE) 0504 ԅ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KOMI ZJE) 0505</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԇ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KOMI DZJE) 0506 ԇ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KOMI DZJE) 0507</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԉ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KOMI LJE) 0508 ԉ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KOMI LJE) 0509</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԑ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED ZE) 0510 ԑ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER REVERSED ZE) 0511</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԓ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL WITH HOOK) 0512 ԓ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL WITH HOOK) 0513</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԕ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER LHA) 0514 ԕ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LHA) 0515</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԗ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER RHA) 0516 ԗ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER RHA) 0517</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԙ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YAE) 0518 ԙ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAE) 0519</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԡ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL WITH MIDDLE HOOK) 0520 ԡ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL WITH MIDDLE HOOK) 0521</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԣ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN WITH MIDDLE HOOK) 0522 ԣ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN WITH MIDDLE HOOK) 0523</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԥ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE WITH DESCENDER) 0524 ԥ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE WITH DESCENDER) 0525</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԧ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHHA WITH DESCENDER) 0526 ԧ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHHA WITH DESCENDER) 0527</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ԩ (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN WITH LEFT HOOK) 0528 ԩ (CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN WITH LEFT HOOK) 0529</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ա (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER AYB) 0531 Բ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER BEN) 0532</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Գ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER GIM) 0533 Դ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER DA) 0534</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ե (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ECH) 0535 Զ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ZA) 0536</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Է (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER EH) 0537 Ը (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER ET) 0538</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Թ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER TO) 0539 Հ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER HO) 0540</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ձ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER JA) 0541 Ղ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER GHAD) 0542</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ճ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHEH) 0543 Մ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER MEN) 0544</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Յ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER YI) 0545 Ն (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER NOW) 0546</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Շ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER SHA) 0547 Ո (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER VO) 0548</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Չ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CHA) 0549 Ր (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER REH) 0550</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ց (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER CO) 0551 Ւ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER YIWN) 0552</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Փ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER PIWR) 0553 Ք (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER KEH) 0554</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Օ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER OH) 0555 Ֆ (ARMENIAN CAPITAL LETTER FEH) 0556</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ՙ (ARMENIAN MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING) 0559 ա (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER AYB) 0561</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">բ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER BEN) 0562 գ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER GIM) 0563</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">դ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER DA) 0564 ե (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ECH) 0565</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">զ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ZA) 0566 է (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER EH) 0567</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ը (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER ET) 0568 թ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER TO) 0569</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">հ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER HO) 0570 ձ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER JA) 0571</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ղ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER GHAD) 0572 ճ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CHEH) 0573</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">մ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER MEN) 0574 յ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YI) 0575</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ն (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER NOW) 0576 շ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER SHA) 0577</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ո (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER VO) 0578 չ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CHA) 0579</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ր (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER REH) 0580 ց (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER CO) 0581</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ւ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER YIWN) 0582 փ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER PIWR) 0583</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ք (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER KEH) 0584 օ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER OH) 0585</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ֆ (ARMENIAN SMALL LETTER FEH) 0586 և (ARMENIAN SMALL LIGATURE ECH YIWN) 0587</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">։ (ARMENIAN FULL STOP) 0589 (ARABIC NUMBER SIGN) 0600</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (ARABIC SIGN SANAH) 0601 (ARABIC FOOTNOTE MARKER) 0602</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (ARABIC SIGN SAFHA) 0603 (ARABIC SIGN SAMVAT) 0604</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (ARABIC NUMBER MARK ABOVE) 0605 ؆ (ARABIC-INDIC CUBE ROOT) 0606</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">؇ (ARABIC-INDIC FOURTH ROOT) 0607 ؈ (ARABIC RAY) 0608</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">؉ (ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN) 0609 ؠ (ARABIC LETTER KASHMIRI YEH) 0620</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ء (ARABIC LETTER HAMZA) 0621 آ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH MADDA ABOVE) 0622</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">أ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA ABOVE) 0623 ؤ (ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH HAMZA ABOVE) 0624</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">إ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH HAMZA BELOW) 0625 ئ (ARABIC LETTER YEH WITH HAMZA ABOVE) 0626</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ا (ARABIC LETTER ALEF) 0627 ب (ARABIC LETTER BEH) 0628</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ة (ARABIC LETTER TEH MARBUTA) 0629 ذ (ARABIC LETTER THAL) 0630</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ر (ARABIC LETTER REH) 0631 ز (ARABIC LETTER ZAIN) 0632</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">س (ARABIC LETTER SEEN) 0633 ش (ARABIC LETTER SHEEN) 0634</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ص (ARABIC LETTER SAD) 0635 ض (ARABIC LETTER DAD) 0636</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ط (ARABIC LETTER TAH) 0637 ظ (ARABIC LETTER ZAH) 0638</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ع (ARABIC LETTER AIN) 0639 ـ (ARABIC TATWEEL) 0640</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ف (ARABIC LETTER FEH) 0641 ق (ARABIC LETTER QAF) 0642</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ك (ARABIC LETTER KAF) 0643 ل (ARABIC LETTER LAM) 0644</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">م (ARABIC LETTER MEEM) 0645 ن (ARABIC LETTER NOON) 0646</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ه (ARABIC LETTER HEH) 0647 و (ARABIC LETTER WAW) 0648</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ى (ARABIC LETTER ALEF MAKSURA) 0649 ٠ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ZERO) 0660</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">١ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT ONE) 0661 ٢ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO) 0662</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">٣ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE) 0663 ٤ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR) 0664</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">٥ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FIVE) 0665 ٦ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SIX) 0666</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">٧ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT SEVEN) 0667 ٨ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT EIGHT) 0668</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">٩ (ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT NINE) 0669 ٱ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WASLA) 0671</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ٲ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA ABOVE) 0672 ٳ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH WAVY HAMZA BELOW) 0673</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ٴ (ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA) 0674 ٵ (ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA ALEF) 0675</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ٶ (ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA WAW) 0676 ٷ (ARABIC LETTER U WITH HAMZA ABOVE) 0677</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ٸ (ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA YEH) 0678 ٹ (ARABIC LETTER TTEH) 0679</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڀ (ARABIC LETTER BEHEH) 0680 ځ (ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH HAMZA ABOVE) 0681</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڂ (ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH TWO DOTS VERTICAL ABOVE) 0682 ڃ (ARABIC LETTER NYEH) 0683</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڄ (ARABIC LETTER DYEH) 0684 څ (ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE) 0685</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">چ (ARABIC LETTER TCHEH) 0686 ڇ (ARABIC LETTER TCHEHEH) 0687</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڈ (ARABIC LETTER DDAL) 0688 ډ (ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING) 0689</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڐ (ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE) 0690 ڑ (ARABIC LETTER RREH) 0691</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڒ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V) 0692 ړ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING) 0693</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ڔ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW) 0694 ڕ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL V BELOW) 0695</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ږ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE) 0696 ڗ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE) 0697</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ژ (ARABIC LETTER JEH) 0698 ڙ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH FOUR DOTS ABOVE) 0699</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ݐ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS HORIZONTALLY BELOW) 0750</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݑ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH DOT BELOW AND THREE DOTS ABOVE) 0751 ݒ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW) 0752</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݓ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW AND TWO DOTS ABOVE) 0753 ݔ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW AND DOT ABOVE) 0754</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݕ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH INVERTED SMALL V BELOW) 0755 ݖ (ARABIC LETTER BEH WITH SMALL V) 0756</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݗ (ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH TWO DOTS ABOVE) 0757 ݘ (ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW) 0758</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݙ (ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH TWO DOTS VERTICALLY BELOW AND SMALL TAH) 0759 ݠ (ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH TWO DOTS BELOW) 0760</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݡ (ARABIC LETTER FEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW) 0761 ݢ (ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH DOT ABOVE) 0762</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݣ (ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE) 0763 ݤ (ARABIC LETTER KEHEH WITH THREE DOTS POINTING UPWARDS BELOW) 0764</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݥ (ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT ABOVE) 0765 ݦ (ARABIC LETTER MEEM WITH DOT BELOW) 0766</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݧ (ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH TWO DOTS BELOW) 0767 ݨ (ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL TAH) 0768</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݩ (ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH SMALL V) 0769 ݰ (ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS) 0770</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݱ (ARABIC LETTER REH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH AND TWO DOTS) 0771 ݲ (ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE) 0772</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݳ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE) 0773 ݴ (ARABIC LETTER ALEF WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE) 0774</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݵ (ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE) 0775 ݶ (ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE) 0776</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݷ (ARABIC LETTER FARSI YEH WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT FOUR BELOW) 0777 ݸ (ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO ABOVE) 0778</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ݹ (ARABIC LETTER WAW WITH EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT THREE ABOVE) 0779 ހ (THAANA LETTER HAA) 0780</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ށ (THAANA LETTER SHAVIYANI) 0781 ނ (THAANA LETTER NOONU) 0782</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ރ (THAANA LETTER RAA) 0783 ބ (THAANA LETTER BAA) 0784</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ޅ (THAANA LETTER LHAVIYANI) 0785 ކ (THAANA LETTER KAAFU) 0786</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">އ (THAANA LETTER ALIFU) 0787 ވ (THAANA LETTER VAAVU) 0788</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">މ (THAANA LETTER MEEMU) 0789 ސ (THAANA LETTER SEENU) 0790</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ޑ (THAANA LETTER DAVIYANI) 0791 ޒ (THAANA LETTER ZAVIYANI) 0792</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ޓ (THAANA LETTER TAVIYANI) 0793 ޔ (THAANA LETTER YAA) 0794</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ޕ (THAANA LETTER PAVIYANI) 0795 ޖ (THAANA LETTER JAVIYANI) 0796</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ޗ (THAANA LETTER CHAVIYANI) 0797 ޘ (THAANA LETTER TTAA) 0798</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ޙ (THAANA LETTER HHAA) 0799</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ऄ (DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT A) 0904 अ (DEVANAGARI LETTER A) 0905</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">आ (DEVANAGARI LETTER AA) 0906 इ (DEVANAGARI LETTER I) 0907</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ई (DEVANAGARI LETTER II) 0908 उ (DEVANAGARI LETTER U) 0909</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ऐ (DEVANAGARI LETTER AI) 0910 ऑ (DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA O) 0911</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ऒ (DEVANAGARI LETTER SHORT O) 0912 ओ (DEVANAGARI LETTER O) 0913</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">औ (DEVANAGARI LETTER AU) 0914 क (DEVANAGARI LETTER KA) 0915</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ख (DEVANAGARI LETTER KHA) 0916 ग (DEVANAGARI LETTER GA) 0917</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">घ (DEVANAGARI LETTER GHA) 0918 ङ (DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA) 0919</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ठ (DEVANAGARI LETTER TTHA) 0920 ड (DEVANAGARI LETTER DDA) 0921</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ढ (DEVANAGARI LETTER DDHA) 0922 ण (DEVANAGARI LETTER NNA) 0923</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">त (DEVANAGARI LETTER TA) 0924 थ (DEVANAGARI LETTER THA) 0925</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">द (DEVANAGARI LETTER DA) 0926 ध (DEVANAGARI LETTER DHA) 0927</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">न (DEVANAGARI LETTER NA) 0928 ऩ (DEVANAGARI LETTER NNNA) 0929</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">र (DEVANAGARI LETTER RA) 0930 ऱ (DEVANAGARI LETTER RRA) 0931</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ल (DEVANAGARI LETTER LA) 0932 ळ (DEVANAGARI LETTER LLA) 0933</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ऴ (DEVANAGARI LETTER LLLA) 0934 व (DEVANAGARI LETTER VA) 0935</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">श (DEVANAGARI LETTER SHA) 0936 ष (DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA) 0937</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">स (DEVANAGARI LETTER SA) 0938 ह (DEVANAGARI LETTER HA) 0939</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ॐ (DEVANAGARI OM) 0950 क़ (DEVANAGARI LETTER QA) 0958</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ख़ (DEVANAGARI LETTER KHHA) 0959 ॠ (DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC RR) 0960</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ॡ (DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC LL) 0961 । (DEVANAGARI DANDA) 0964</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">॥ (DEVANAGARI DOUBLE DANDA) 0965 ० (DEVANAGARI DIGIT ZERO) 0966</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">१ (DEVANAGARI DIGIT ONE) 0967 २ (DEVANAGARI DIGIT TWO) 0968</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">३ (DEVANAGARI DIGIT THREE) 0969 ॰ (DEVANAGARI ABBREVIATION SIGN) 0970</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ॱ (DEVANAGARI SIGN HIGH SPACING DOT) 0971 ॲ (DEVANAGARI LETTER CANDRA A) 0972</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">অ (BENGALI LETTER A) 0985 আ (BENGALI LETTER AA) 0986</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ই (BENGALI LETTER I) 0987 ঈ (BENGALI LETTER II) 0988</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">উ (BENGALI LETTER U) 0989 ঐ (BENGALI LETTER AI) 0990</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ও (BENGALI LETTER O) 0993 ঔ (BENGALI LETTER AU) 0994</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ক (BENGALI LETTER KA) 0995 খ (BENGALI LETTER KHA) 0996</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">গ (BENGALI LETTER GA) 0997 ঘ (BENGALI LETTER GHA) 0998</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ঙ (BENGALI LETTER NGA) 0999 က (MYANMAR LETTER KA) 1000</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ခ (MYANMAR LETTER KHA) 1001 ဂ (MYANMAR LETTER GA) 1002</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဃ (MYANMAR LETTER GHA) 1003 င (MYANMAR LETTER NGA) 1004</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">စ (MYANMAR LETTER CA) 1005 ဆ (MYANMAR LETTER CHA) 1006</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဇ (MYANMAR LETTER JA) 1007 ဈ (MYANMAR LETTER JHA) 1008</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဉ (MYANMAR LETTER NYA) 1009 တ (MYANMAR LETTER TA) 1010</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ထ (MYANMAR LETTER THA) 1011 ဒ (MYANMAR LETTER DA) 1012</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဓ (MYANMAR LETTER DHA) 1013 န (MYANMAR LETTER NA) 1014</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ပ (MYANMAR LETTER PA) 1015 ဖ (MYANMAR LETTER PHA) 1016</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဗ (MYANMAR LETTER BA) 1017 ဘ (MYANMAR LETTER BHA) 1018</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">မ (MYANMAR LETTER MA) 1019 ဠ (MYANMAR LETTER LLA) 1020</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">အ (MYANMAR LETTER A) 1021 ဢ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A) 1022</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဣ (MYANMAR LETTER I) 1023 ဤ (MYANMAR LETTER II) 1024</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဥ (MYANMAR LETTER U) 1025 ဦ (MYANMAR LETTER UU) 1026</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဧ (MYANMAR LETTER E) 1027 ဨ (MYANMAR LETTER MON E) 1028</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ဩ (MYANMAR LETTER O) 1029 ၀ (MYANMAR DIGIT ZERO) 1040</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">၁ (MYANMAR DIGIT ONE) 1041 ၂ (MYANMAR DIGIT TWO) 1042</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">၃ (MYANMAR DIGIT THREE) 1043 ၄ (MYANMAR DIGIT FOUR) 1044</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">၅ (MYANMAR DIGIT FIVE) 1045 ၆ (MYANMAR DIGIT SIX) 1046</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">၇ (MYANMAR DIGIT SEVEN) 1047 ၈ (MYANMAR DIGIT EIGHT) 1048</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">၉ (MYANMAR DIGIT NINE) 1049 ၐ (MYANMAR LETTER SHA) 1050</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၑ (MYANMAR LETTER SSA) 1051 ၒ (MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC R) 1052</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၓ (MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC RR) 1053 ၔ (MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC L) 1054</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၕ (MYANMAR LETTER VOCALIC LL) 1055 ၡ (MYANMAR LETTER SGAW KAREN SHA) 1061</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၥ (MYANMAR LETTER WESTERN PWO KAREN THA) 1065 ၦ (MYANMAR LETTER WESTERN PWO KAREN PWA) 1066</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၰ (MYANMAR LETTER EASTERN PWO KAREN GHWA) 1070 ၵ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA) 1075</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၶ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KHA) 1076 ၷ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN GA) 1077</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ၸ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA) 1078 ၹ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN ZA) 1079</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ႀ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA) 1080 ႁ (MYANMAR LETTER SHAN HA) 1081</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">႐ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ZERO) 1090 ႑ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT ONE) 1091</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">႒ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT TWO) 1092 ႓ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT THREE) 1093</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">႔ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FOUR) 1094 ႕ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT FIVE) 1095</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">႖ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SIX) 1096 ႗ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT SEVEN) 1097</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">႘ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT EIGHT) 1098 ႙ (MYANMAR SHAN DIGIT NINE) 1099</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄀ (HANGUL CHOSEONG KIYEOK) 1100 ᄁ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGKIYEOK) 1101</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄂ (HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN) 1102 ᄃ (HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT) 1103</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄄ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGTIKEUT) 1104 ᄅ (HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL) 1105</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄆ (HANGUL CHOSEONG MIEUM) 1106 ᄇ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP) 1107</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄈ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGPIEUP) 1108 ᄉ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS) 1109</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄐ (HANGUL CHOSEONG THIEUTH) 1110 ᄑ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH) 1111</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄒ (HANGUL CHOSEONG HIEUH) 1112 ᄓ (HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-KIYEOK) 1113</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄔ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGNIEUN) 1114 ᄕ (HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-TIKEUT) 1115</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄖ (HANGUL CHOSEONG NIEUN-PIEUP) 1116 ᄗ (HANGUL CHOSEONG TIKEUT-KIYEOK) 1117</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄘ (HANGUL CHOSEONG RIEUL-NIEUN) 1118 ᄙ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGRIEUL) 1119</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄠ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-TIKEUT) 1120 ᄡ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS) 1121</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄢ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-KIYEOK) 1122 ᄣ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-TIKEUT) 1123</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄤ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-PIEUP) 1124 ᄥ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SSANGSIOS) 1125</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄦ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-SIOS-CIEUC) 1126 ᄧ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CIEUC) 1127</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄨ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-CHIEUCH) 1128 ᄩ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PIEUP-THIEUTH) 1129</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄰ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-RIEUL) 1130 ᄱ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-MIEUM) 1131</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄲ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP) 1132 ᄳ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-PIEUP-KIYEOK) 1133</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄴ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-SSANGSIOS) 1134 ᄵ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-IEUNG) 1135</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄶ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CIEUC) 1136 ᄷ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-CHIEUCH) 1137</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᄸ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-KHIEUKH) 1138 ᄹ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SIOS-THIEUTH) 1139</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅀ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PANSIOS) 1140 ᅁ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK) 1141</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅂ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-TIKEUT) 1142 ᅃ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-MIEUM) 1143</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅄ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PIEUP) 1144 ᅅ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-SIOS) 1145</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅆ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-PANSIOS) 1146 ᅇ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGIEUNG) 1147</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅈ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CIEUC) 1148 ᅉ (HANGUL CHOSEONG IEUNG-CHIEUCH) 1149</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅐ (HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCIEUC) 1150 ᅑ (HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMSSANGCIEUC) 1151</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅒ (HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-KHIEUKH) 1152 ᅓ (HANGUL CHOSEONG CHIEUCH-HIEUH) 1153</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅔ (HANGUL CHOSEONG CHITUEUMCHIEUCH) 1154 ᅕ (HANGUL CHOSEONG CEONGCHIEUMCHIEUCH) 1155</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅖ (HANGUL CHOSEONG PHIEUPH-PIEUP) 1156 ᅗ (HANGUL CHOSEONG KAPYEOUNPHIEUPH) 1157</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᅘ (HANGUL CHOSEONG SSANGHIEUH) 1158 ᅙ (HANGUL CHOSEONG YEORINHIEUH) 1159</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG FILLER) 1160 ᅡ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG A) 1161</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG AE) 1162 ᅣ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA) 1163</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YAE) 1164 ᅥ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG EO) 1165</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG E) 1166 ᅧ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YEO) 1167</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YE) 1168 ᅩ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG O) 1169</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG WE) 1170 ᅱ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG WI) 1171</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU) 1172 ᅳ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU) 1173</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI) 1174 ᅵ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG I) 1175</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-O) 1176 ᅷ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG A-U) 1177</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-O) 1178 ᅹ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YA-YO) 1179</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-E) 1180 ᆁ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-YE) 1181</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-O) 1182 ᆃ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG O-U) 1183</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YA) 1184 ᆅ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YAE) 1185</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-YEO) 1186 ᆇ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-O) 1187</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YO-I) 1188 ᆉ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG U-A) 1189</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-E) 1190 ᆑ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YEO) 1191</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-YE) 1192 ᆓ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-U) 1193</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YU-I) 1194 ᆕ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-U) 1195</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG EU-EU) 1196 ᆗ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG YI-U) 1197</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-A) 1198 ᆙ (HANGUL JUNGSEONG I-YA) 1199</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሀ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA) 1200 ሁ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HU) 1201</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሂ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HI) 1202 ሃ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HAA) 1203</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሄ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HEE) 1204 ህ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HE) 1205</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሆ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HO) 1206 ሇ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HOA) 1207</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ለ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LA) 1208 ሉ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE LU) 1209</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሐ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA) 1210 ሑ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHU) 1211</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሒ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHI) 1212 ሓ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHAA) 1213</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሔ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHEE) 1214 ሕ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHE) 1215</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሖ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHO) 1216 ሗ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHWA) 1217</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">መ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MA) 1218 ሙ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MU) 1219</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሠ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZA) 1220 ሡ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZU) 1221</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሢ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZI) 1222 ሣ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZAA) 1223</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሤ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZEE) 1224 ሥ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZE) 1225</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሦ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZO) 1226 ሧ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SZWA) 1227</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ረ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RA) 1228 ሩ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RU) 1229</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሰ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SA) 1230 ሱ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SU) 1231</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሲ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SI) 1232 ሳ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SAA) 1233</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሴ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEE) 1234 ስ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SE) 1235</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሶ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SO) 1236 ሷ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SWA) 1237</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ሸ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHA) 1238 ሹ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHU) 1239</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቀ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QA) 1240 ቁ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QU) 1241</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቂ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QI) 1242 ቃ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QAA) 1243</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቄ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QEE) 1244 ቅ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QE) 1245</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቆ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QO) 1246 ቇ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QOA) 1247</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቈ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWA) 1248 ቐ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHA) 1250</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቑ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHU) 1251 ቒ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHI) 1252</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቓ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHAA) 1253 ቔ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHEE) 1254</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቕ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHE) 1255 ቖ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHO) 1256</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቘ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWA) 1258 በ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BA) 1260</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቡ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BU) 1261 ቢ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BI) 1262</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ባ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BAA) 1263 ቤ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BEE) 1264</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ብ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BE) 1265 ቦ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BO) 1266</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቧ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWA) 1267 ቨ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VA) 1268</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቩ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE VU) 1269 ተ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TA) 1270</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቱ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TU) 1271 ቲ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TI) 1272</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ታ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TAA) 1273 ቴ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TEE) 1274</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ት (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TE) 1275 ቶ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TO) 1276</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቷ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TWA) 1277 ቸ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CA) 1278</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ቹ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CU) 1279 ኀ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XA) 1280</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኁ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XU) 1281 ኂ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XI) 1282</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኃ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XAA) 1283 ኄ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XEE) 1284</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኅ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XE) 1285 ኆ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XO) 1286</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኇ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XOA) 1287 ኈ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWA) 1288</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ነ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NA) 1290 ኑ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NU) 1291</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኒ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NI) 1292 ና (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NAA) 1293</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኔ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NEE) 1294 ን (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NE) 1295</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኖ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NO) 1296 ኗ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NWA) 1297</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ኘ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYA) 1298 ኙ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE NYU) 1299</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጀ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JA) 1300 ጁ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JU) 1301</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጂ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JI) 1302 ጃ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JAA) 1303</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጄ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JEE) 1304 ጅ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JE) 1305</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጆ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JO) 1306 ጇ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE JWA) 1307</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ገ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GA) 1308 ጉ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GU) 1309</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጐ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWA) 1310 ጒ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWI) 1312</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጓ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWAA) 1313 ጔ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWEE) 1314</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጕ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWE) 1315 ጘ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGA) 1318</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጙ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GGU) 1319 ጠ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THA) 1320</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጡ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THU) 1321 ጢ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THI) 1322</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጣ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THAA) 1323 ጤ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THEE) 1324</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጥ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THE) 1325 ጦ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THO) 1326</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጧ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE THWA) 1327 ጨ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHA) 1328</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጩ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE CHU) 1329 ጰ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHA) 1330</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጱ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHU) 1331 ጲ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHI) 1332</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጳ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHAA) 1333 ጴ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHEE) 1334</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጵ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHE) 1335 ጶ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHO) 1336</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጷ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PHWA) 1337 ጸ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSA) 1338</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ጹ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TSU) 1339 ፀ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZA) 1340</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፁ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZU) 1341 ፂ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZI) 1342</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፃ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZAA) 1343 ፄ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZEE) 1344</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፅ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZE) 1345 ፆ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZO) 1346</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፇ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE TZOA) 1347 ፈ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FA) 1348</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፉ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FU) 1349 ፐ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PA) 1350</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፑ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PU) 1351 ፒ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PI) 1352</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፓ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PAA) 1353 ፔ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PEE) 1354</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፕ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PE) 1355 ፖ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PO) 1356</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፗ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE PWA) 1357 ፘ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE RYA) 1358</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ፙ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MYA) 1359 ፠ (ETHIOPIC SECTION MARK) 1360</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፡ (ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE) 1361 ። (ETHIOPIC FULL STOP) 1362</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፣ (ETHIOPIC COMMA) 1363 ፤ (ETHIOPIC SEMICOLON) 1364</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፥ (ETHIOPIC COLON) 1365 ፦ (ETHIOPIC PREFACE COLON) 1366</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፧ (ETHIOPIC QUESTION MARK) 1367 ፨ (ETHIOPIC PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) 1368</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፩ (ETHIOPIC DIGIT ONE) 1369 ፰ (ETHIOPIC DIGIT EIGHT) 1370</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፱ (ETHIOPIC DIGIT NINE) 1371 ፲ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER TEN) 1372</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፳ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY) 1373 ፴ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER THIRTY) 1374</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፵ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY) 1375 ፶ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER FIFTY) 1376</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፷ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER SIXTY) 1377 ፸ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER SEVENTY) 1378</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">፹ (ETHIOPIC NUMBER EIGHTY) 1379 ᎀ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT MWA) 1380</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᎁ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWI) 1381 ᎂ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWEE) 1382</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᎃ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE MWE) 1383 ᎄ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT BWA) 1384</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᎅ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWI) 1385 ᎆ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWEE) 1386</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᎇ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE BWE) 1387 ᎈ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SEBATBEIT FWA) 1388</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᎉ (ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE FWI) 1389 ᎐ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK YIZET) 1390</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">᎑ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET) 1391 ᎒ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK RIKRIK) 1392</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">᎓ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK SHORT RIKRIK) 1393 ᎔ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DIFAT) 1394</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">᎕ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KENAT) 1395 ᎖ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK CHIRET) 1396</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">᎗ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK HIDET) 1397 ᎘ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK DERET-HIDET) 1398</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">᎙ (ETHIOPIC TONAL MARK KURT) 1399 ᐀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS HYPHEN) 1400</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS E) 1401 ᐂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI) 1402</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS I) 1403 ᐄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS II) 1404</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS O) 1405 ᐆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS OO) 1406</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE OO) 1407 ᐈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER EE) 1408</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER I) 1409 ᐐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WII) 1410</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WII) 1411 ᐒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WO) 1412</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WO) 1413 ᐔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOO) 1414</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WOO) 1415 ᐖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI WOO) 1416</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WA) 1417 ᐘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE WA) 1418</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAA) 1419 ᐠ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL GRAVE) 1420</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐡ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL BOTTOM HALF RING) 1421 ᐢ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL TOP HALF RING) 1422</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐣ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RIGHT HALF RING) 1423 ᐤ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RING) 1424</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐥ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOUBLE ACUTE) 1425 ᐦ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL DOUBLE SHORT VERTICAL STROKES) 1426</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐧ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL MIDDLE DOT) 1427 ᐨ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SHORT HORIZONTAL STROKE) 1428</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐩ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL PLUS) 1429 ᐰ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI) 1430</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐱ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PI) 1431 ᐲ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PII) 1432</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐳ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PO) 1433 ᐴ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS POO) 1434</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐵ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE POO) 1435 ᐶ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HEE) 1436</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐷ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER HI) 1437 ᐸ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PA) 1438</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᐹ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAA) 1439 ᑀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWO) 1440</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWO) 1441 ᑂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOO) 1442</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWOO) 1443 ᑄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWA) 1444</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWA) 1445 ᑆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWAA) 1446</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE PWAA) 1447 ᑈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE PWAA) 1448</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS P) 1449 ᑐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TO) 1450</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TOO) 1451 ᑒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE TOO) 1452</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DEE) 1453 ᑔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DI) 1454</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TA) 1455 ᑖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAA) 1456</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWE) 1457 ᑘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWE) 1458</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWI) 1459 ᑠ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWOO) 1460</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑡ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWA) 1461 ᑢ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWA) 1462</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑣ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TWAA) 1463 ᑤ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE TWAA) 1464</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑥ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI TWAA) 1465 ᑦ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS T) 1466</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑧ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTE) 1467 ᑨ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTI) 1468</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑩ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TTO) 1469 ᑰ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KOO) 1470</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑱ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS Y-CREE KOO) 1471 ᑲ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KA) 1472</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑳ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAA) 1473 ᑴ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWE) 1474</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑵ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWE) 1475 ᑶ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWI) 1476</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑷ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWI) 1477 ᑸ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWII) 1478</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᑹ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWII) 1479 ᒀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAA) 1480</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE KWAA) 1481 ᒂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI KWAA) 1482</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS K) 1483 ᒄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS KW) 1484</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KEH) 1485 ᒆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KIH) 1486</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KOH) 1487 ᒈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOUTH-SLAVEY KAH) 1488</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CE) 1489 ᒐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CA) 1490</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAA) 1491 ᒒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWE) 1492</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWE) 1493 ᒔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWI) 1494</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWI) 1495 ᒖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWII) 1496</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWII) 1497 ᒘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CWO) 1498</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᒙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE CWO) 1499 ᔀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWA) 1500</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWA) 1501 ᔂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SWAA) 1502</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SWAA) 1503 ᔄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NASKAPI SWAA) 1504</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS S) 1505 ᔆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS ATHAPASCAN S) 1506</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SW) 1507 ᔈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS BLACKFOOT S) 1508</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS MOOSE-CREE SK) 1509 ᔐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHE) 1510</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHI) 1511 ᔒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHII) 1512</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHO) 1513 ᔔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOO) 1514</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHA) 1515 ᔖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAA) 1516</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWE) 1517 ᔘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWE) 1518</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWI) 1519 ᔠ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWOO) 1520</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔡ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWA) 1521 ᔢ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWA) 1522</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔣ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWAA) 1523 ᔤ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE SHWAA) 1524</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔥ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SH) 1525 ᔦ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YE) 1526</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔧ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI) 1527 ᔨ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YI) 1528</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔩ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YII) 1529 ᔰ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWE) 1530</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔱ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWI) 1531 ᔲ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWI) 1532</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔳ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWII) 1533 ᔴ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWII) 1534</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔵ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWO) 1535 ᔶ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWO) 1536</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔷ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWOO) 1537 ᔸ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE YWOO) 1538</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᔹ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS YWA) 1539 ᕀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE Y) 1540</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI YI) 1541 ᕂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS RE) 1542</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS R-CREE RE) 1543 ᕄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE LE) 1544</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAAI) 1545 ᕆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS RI) 1546</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS RII) 1547 ᕈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS RO) 1548</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS ROO) 1549 ᕐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS R) 1550</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE R) 1551 ᕒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS MEDIAL R) 1552</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FE) 1553 ᕔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI) 1554</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FI) 1555 ᕖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FII) 1556</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FO) 1557 ᕘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FOO) 1558</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS FA) 1559 ᕠ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THI) 1560</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕡ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THI) 1561 ᕢ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THII) 1562</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕣ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS N-CREE THII) 1563 ᕤ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THO) 1564</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕥ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THOO) 1565 ᕦ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THA) 1566</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕧ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THAA) 1567 ᕨ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS THWAA) 1568</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕩ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WEST-CREE THWAA) 1569 ᕰ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYE) 1570</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕱ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYI) 1571 ᕲ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYO) 1572</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕳ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TYA) 1573 ᕴ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HE) 1574</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕵ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HI) 1575 ᕶ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HII) 1576</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕷ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HO) 1577 ᕸ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HOO) 1578</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᕹ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NUNAVIK HA) 1579 ᖀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS QII) 1580</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS QO) 1581 ᖂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS QOO) 1582</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS QA) 1583 ᖄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAA) 1584</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS Q) 1585 ᖆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHE) 1586</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHI) 1587 ᖈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHO) 1588</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS TLHA) 1589 ᖐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGII) 1590</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGO) 1591 ᖒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGOO) 1592</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGA) 1593 ᖔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAA) 1594</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NG) 1595 ᖖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNG) 1596</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHE) 1597 ᖘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHI) 1598</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᖙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI SHO) 1599 ᘀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KKA) 1600</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER KK) 1601 ᘂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NU) 1602</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NO) 1603 ᘄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NE) 1604</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NEE) 1605 ᘆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NI) 1606</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER NA) 1607 ᘈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MU) 1608</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER MO) 1609 ᘐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YE) 1610</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YEE) 1611 ᘒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YI) 1612</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER YA) 1613 ᘔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JU) 1614</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAYISI JU) 1615 ᘖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JO) 1616</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JE) 1617 ᘘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JEE) 1618</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JI) 1619 ᘠ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJI) 1620</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘡ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER JJA) 1621 ᘢ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LU) 1622</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘣ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LO) 1623 ᘤ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LE) 1624</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘥ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LEE) 1625 ᘦ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LI) 1626</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘧ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LA) 1627 ᘨ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLU) 1628</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘩ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DLO) 1629 ᘰ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHE) 1630</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘱ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHEE) 1631 ᘲ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHI) 1632</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘳ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER LHA) 1633 ᘴ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHU) 1634</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘵ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHO) 1635 ᘶ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHE) 1636</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘷ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHEE) 1637 ᘸ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHI) 1638</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᘹ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TLHA) 1639 ᙀ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZU) 1640</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙁ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZO) 1641 ᙂ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZE) 1642</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙃ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZEE) 1643 ᙄ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZI) 1644</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙅ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER ZA) 1645 ᙆ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER Z) 1646</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙇ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER INITIAL Z) 1647 ᙈ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZU) 1648</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙉ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER DZO) 1649 ᙐ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SE) 1650</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙑ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SEE) 1651 ᙒ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SI) 1652</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙓ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SA) 1653 ᙔ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHU) 1654</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙕ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHO) 1655 ᙖ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHE) 1656</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙗ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHEE) 1657 ᙘ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHI) 1658</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙙ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER SHA) 1659 ᙠ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TSA) 1660</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙡ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHU) 1661 ᙢ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHO) 1662</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙣ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHE) 1663 ᙤ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHEE) 1664</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙥ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHI) 1665 ᙦ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER CHA) 1666</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙧ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSU) 1667 ᙨ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSO) 1668</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙩ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS CARRIER TTSE) 1669 ᙰ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAI) 1670</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙱ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGI) 1671 ᙲ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGII) 1672</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙳ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGO) 1673 ᙴ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGOO) 1674</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙵ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGA) 1675 ᙶ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS NNGAA) 1676</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙷ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWEE) 1677 ᙸ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWI) 1678</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ᙹ (CANADIAN SYLLABICS WOODS-CREE THWII) 1679</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ក (KHMER LETTER KA) 1780</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ខ (KHMER LETTER KHA) 1781 គ (KHMER LETTER KO) 1782</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ឃ (KHMER LETTER KHO) 1783 ង (KHMER LETTER NGO) 1784</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ច (KHMER LETTER CA) 1785 ឆ (KHMER LETTER CHA) 1786</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ជ (KHMER LETTER CO) 1787 ឈ (KHMER LETTER CHO) 1788</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ញ (KHMER LETTER NYO) 1789 ថ (KHMER LETTER THA) 1790</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ទ (KHMER LETTER TO) 1791 ធ (KHMER LETTER THO) 1792</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ន (KHMER LETTER NO) 1793 ប (KHMER LETTER BA) 1794</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ផ (KHMER LETTER PHA) 1795 ព (KHMER LETTER PO) 1796</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ភ (KHMER LETTER PHO) 1797 ម (KHMER LETTER MO) 1798</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">យ (KHMER LETTER YO) 1799</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">‐ (HYPHEN) 2010</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‑ (NON-BREAKING HYPHEN) 2011 ‒ (FIGURE DASH) 2012</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">– (EN DASH) 2013 — (EM DASH) 2014</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">― (HORIZONTAL BAR) 2015 ‖ (DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE) 2016</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‗ (DOUBLE LOW LINE) 2017 ‘ (LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK) 2018</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">’ (RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK) 2019 † (DAGGER) 2020</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‡ (DOUBLE DAGGER) 2021 • (BULLET) 2022</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‣ (TRIANGULAR BULLET) 2023 ․ (ONE DOT LEADER) 2024</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‥ (TWO DOT LEADER) 2025 … (HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS) 2026</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‧ (HYPHENATION POINT) 2027 ‰ (PER MILLE SIGN) 2030</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‱ (PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN) 2031 ′ (PRIME) 2032</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">″ (DOUBLE PRIME) 2033 ‴ (TRIPLE PRIME) 2034</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‵ (REVERSED PRIME) 2035 ‶ (REVERSED DOUBLE PRIME) 2036</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‷ (REVERSED TRIPLE PRIME) 2037 ‸ (CARET) 2038</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">‹ (SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK) 2039 ⁀ (CHARACTER TIE) 2040</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁁ (CARET INSERTION POINT) 2041 ⁂ (ASTERISM) 2042</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁃ (HYPHEN BULLET) 2043 ⁄ (FRACTION SLASH) 2044</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁅ (LEFT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL) 2045 ⁆ (RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH QUILL) 2046</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁇ (DOUBLE QUESTION MARK) 2047 ⁈ (QUESTION EXCLAMATION MARK) 2048</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁉ (EXCLAMATION QUESTION MARK) 2049</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁑ (TWO ASTERISKS ALIGNED VERTICALLY) 2051 ⁒ (COMMERCIAL MINUS SIGN) 2052</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁓ (SWUNG DASH) 2053</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁗ (QUADRUPLE PRIME) 2057 ⁘ (FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION) 2058</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁙ (FIVE DOT PUNCTUATION) 2059 (WORD JOINER) 2060</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (FUNCTION APPLICATION) 2061 (INVISIBLE TIMES) 2062</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (INVISIBLE SEPARATOR) 2063 (INVISIBLE PLUS) 2064</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE) 2066 (RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE) 2067</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (FIRST STRONG ISOLATE) 2068 (POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE) 2069</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁰ (SUPERSCRIPT ZERO) 2070 ⁱ (SUPERSCRIPT LATIN SMALL LETTER I) 2071</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁴ (SUPERSCRIPT FOUR) 2074 ⁵ (SUPERSCRIPT FIVE) 2075</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁶ (SUPERSCRIPT SIX) 2076 ⁷ (SUPERSCRIPT SEVEN) 2077</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⁸ (SUPERSCRIPT EIGHT) 2078 ⁹ (SUPERSCRIPT NINE) 2079</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">₀ (SUBSCRIPT ZERO) 2080 ₁ (SUBSCRIPT ONE) 2081</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">₂ (SUBSCRIPT TWO) 2082 ₃ (SUBSCRIPT THREE) 2083</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">₄ (SUBSCRIPT FOUR) 2084 ₅ (SUBSCRIPT FIVE) 2085</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">₆ (SUBSCRIPT SIX) 2086 ₇ (SUBSCRIPT SEVEN) 2087</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">₈ (SUBSCRIPT EIGHT) 2088 ₉ (SUBSCRIPT NINE) 2089</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ₐ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER A) 2090 ₑ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER E) 2091</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ₒ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER O) 2092 ₓ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER X) 2093</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ₔ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER SCHWA) 2094 ₕ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER H) 2095</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ₖ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER K) 2096 ₗ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER L) 2097</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ₘ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER M) 2098 ₙ (SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER N) 2099</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℀ (ACCOUNT OF) 2100 ℁ (ADDRESSED TO THE SUBJECT) 2101</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℂ (DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL C) 2102 ℃ (DEGREE CELSIUS) 2103</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℄ (CENTRE LINE SYMBOL) 2104 ℅ (CARE OF) 2105</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℆ (CADA UNA) 2106 ℇ (EULER CONSTANT) 2107</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℈ (SCRUPLE) 2108 ℉ (DEGREE FAHRENHEIT) 2109</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℐ (SCRIPT CAPITAL I) 2110 ℑ (BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL I) 2111</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℒ (SCRIPT CAPITAL L) 2112 ℓ (SCRIPT SMALL L) 2113</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℔ (L B BAR SYMBOL) 2114 ℕ (DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N) 2115</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">№ (NUMERO SIGN) 2116 ℗ (SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT) 2117</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℘ (WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION) 2118 ℙ (DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL P) 2119</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">℠ (SERVICE MARK) 2120 ℡ (TELEPHONE SIGN) 2121</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">™ (TRADE MARK SIGN) 2122 ℣ (VERSICLE) 2123</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℤ (DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL Z) 2124 ℥ (OUNCE SIGN) 2125</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ω (OHM SIGN) 2126 ℧ (INVERTED OHM SIGN) 2127</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℨ (BLACK-LETTER CAPITAL Z) 2128 ℩ (TURNED GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA) 2129</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℰ (SCRIPT CAPITAL E) 2130 ℱ (SCRIPT CAPITAL F) 2131</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ⅎ (TURNED CAPITAL F) 2132 ℳ (SCRIPT CAPITAL M) 2133</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℴ (SCRIPT SMALL O) 2134 ℵ (ALEF SYMBOL) 2135</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℶ (BET SYMBOL) 2136 ℷ (GIMEL SYMBOL) 2137</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ℸ (DALET SYMBOL) 2138 ℹ (INFORMATION SOURCE) 2139</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅀ (DOUBLE-STRUCK N-ARY SUMMATION) 2140 ⅁ (TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL G) 2141</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅂ (TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L) 2142 ⅃ (REVERSED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL L) 2143</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅄ (TURNED SANS-SERIF CAPITAL Y) 2144 ⅅ (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC CAPITAL D) 2145</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅆ (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL D) 2146 ⅇ (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL E) 2147</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅈ (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL I) 2148 ⅉ (DOUBLE-STRUCK ITALIC SMALL J) 2149</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅐ (VULGAR FRACTION ONE SEVENTH) 2150 ⅑ (VULGAR FRACTION ONE NINTH) 2151</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅒ (VULGAR FRACTION ONE TENTH) 2152 ⅓ (VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD) 2153</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅔ (VULGAR FRACTION TWO THIRDS) 2154 ⅕ (VULGAR FRACTION ONE FIFTH) 2155</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅖ (VULGAR FRACTION TWO FIFTHS) 2156 ⅗ (VULGAR FRACTION THREE FIFTHS) 2157</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⅘ (VULGAR FRACTION FOUR FIFTHS) 2158 ⅙ (VULGAR FRACTION ONE SIXTH) 2159</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ⅰ (ROMAN NUMERAL ONE) 2160 Ⅱ (ROMAN NUMERAL TWO) 2161</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ⅲ (ROMAN NUMERAL THREE) 2162 Ⅳ (ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR) 2163</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ⅴ (ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE) 2164 Ⅵ (ROMAN NUMERAL SIX) 2165</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ⅶ (ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN) 2166 Ⅷ (ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT) 2167</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">Ⅸ (ROMAN NUMERAL NINE) 2168 Ⅹ (ROMAN NUMERAL TEN) 2169</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅰ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL ONE) 2170 ⅱ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TWO) 2171</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅲ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL THREE) 2172 ⅳ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FOUR) 2173</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅴ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE) 2174 ⅵ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SIX) 2175</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅶ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL SEVEN) 2176 ⅷ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL EIGHT) 2177</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ⅸ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL NINE) 2178 ⅹ (SMALL ROMAN NUMERAL TEN) 2179</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ↀ (ROMAN NUMERAL ONE THOUSAND C D) 2180 ↁ (ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE THOUSAND) 2181</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ↂ (ROMAN NUMERAL TEN THOUSAND) 2182 Ↄ (ROMAN NUMERAL REVERSED ONE HUNDRED) 2183</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ↄ (SMALL LETTER REVERSED C) 2184 ↅ (ROMAN NUMERAL SIX LATE FORM) 2185</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">↉ (VULGAR FRACTION ZERO THIRDS) 2189</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">← (LEFTWARDS ARROW) 2190 ↑ (UPWARDS ARROW) 2191</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">→ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2192 ↓ (DOWNWARDS ARROW) 2193</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">↔ (LEFT RIGHT ARROW) 2194 ↕ (UP DOWN ARROW) 2195</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">↖ (NORTH WEST ARROW) 2196 ↗ (NORTH EAST ARROW) 2197</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">↘ (SOUTH EAST ARROW) 2198 ↙ (SOUTH WEST ARROW) 2199</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∀ (FOR ALL) 2200 ∁ (COMPLEMENT) 2201</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∂ (PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL) 2202 ∃ (THERE EXISTS) 2203</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∄ (THERE DOES NOT EXIST) 2204 ∅ (EMPTY SET) 2205</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∆ (INCREMENT) 2206 ∇ (NABLA) 2207</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∈ (ELEMENT OF) 2208 ∉ (NOT AN ELEMENT OF) 2209</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∐ (N-ARY COPRODUCT) 2210 ∑ (N-ARY SUMMATION) 2211</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">− (MINUS SIGN) 2212 ∓ (MINUS-OR-PLUS SIGN) 2213</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∔ (DOT PLUS) 2214 ∕ (DIVISION SLASH) 2215</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∖ (SET MINUS) 2216 ∗ (ASTERISK OPERATOR) 2217</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∘ (RING OPERATOR) 2218 ∙ (BULLET OPERATOR) 2219</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∠ (ANGLE) 2220 ∡ (MEASURED ANGLE) 2221</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∢ (SPHERICAL ANGLE) 2222 ∣ (DIVIDES) 2223</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∤ (DOES NOT DIVIDE) 2224 ∥ (PARALLEL TO) 2225</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∦ (NOT PARALLEL TO) 2226 ∧ (LOGICAL AND) 2227</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∨ (LOGICAL OR) 2228 ∩ (INTERSECTION) 2229</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∰ (VOLUME INTEGRAL) 2230 ∱ (CLOCKWISE INTEGRAL) 2231</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∲ (CLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL) 2232 ∳ (ANTICLOCKWISE CONTOUR INTEGRAL) 2233</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∴ (THEREFORE) 2234 ∵ (BECAUSE) 2235</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∶ (RATIO) 2236 ∷ (PROPORTION) 2237</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">∸ (DOT MINUS) 2238 ∹ (EXCESS) 2239</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≀ (WREATH PRODUCT) 2240 ≁ (NOT TILDE) 2241</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≂ (MINUS TILDE) 2242 ≃ (ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO) 2243</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≄ (NOT ASYMPTOTICALLY EQUAL TO) 2244 ≅ (APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO) 2245</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≆ (APPROXIMATELY BUT NOT ACTUALLY EQUAL TO) 2246 ≇ (NEITHER APPROXIMATELY NOR ACTUALLY EQUAL TO) 2247</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≈ (ALMOST EQUAL TO) 2248 ≉ (NOT ALMOST EQUAL TO) 2249</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≐ (APPROACHES THE LIMIT) 2250 ≑ (GEOMETRICALLY EQUAL TO) 2251</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≒ (APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO OR THE IMAGE OF) 2252 ≓ (IMAGE OF OR APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO) 2253</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≔ (COLON EQUALS) 2254 ≕ (EQUALS COLON) 2255</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≖ (RING IN EQUAL TO) 2256 ≗ (RING EQUAL TO) 2257</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≘ (CORRESPONDS TO) 2258 ≙ (ESTIMATES) 2259</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≠ (NOT EQUAL TO) 2260 ≡ (IDENTICAL TO) 2261</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≢ (NOT IDENTICAL TO) 2262 ≣ (STRICTLY EQUIVALENT TO) 2263</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≤ (LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO) 2264 ≥ (GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO) 2265</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≦ (LESS-THAN OVER EQUAL TO) 2266 ≧ (GREATER-THAN OVER EQUAL TO) 2267</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≨ (LESS-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO) 2268 ≩ (GREATER-THAN BUT NOT EQUAL TO) 2269</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≰ (NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR EQUAL TO) 2270 ≱ (NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR EQUAL TO) 2271</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≲ (LESS-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO) 2272 ≳ (GREATER-THAN OR EQUIVALENT TO) 2273</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≴ (NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR EQUIVALENT TO) 2274 ≵ (NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR EQUIVALENT TO) 2275</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≶ (LESS-THAN OR GREATER-THAN) 2276 ≷ (GREATER-THAN OR LESS-THAN) 2277</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">≸ (NEITHER LESS-THAN NOR GREATER-THAN) 2278 ≹ (NEITHER GREATER-THAN NOR LESS-THAN) 2279</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊀ (DOES NOT PRECEDE) 2280 ⊁ (DOES NOT SUCCEED) 2281</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊂ (SUBSET OF) 2282 ⊃ (SUPERSET OF) 2283</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊄ (NOT A SUBSET OF) 2284 ⊅ (NOT A SUPERSET OF) 2285</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊆ (SUBSET OF OR EQUAL TO) 2286 ⊇ (SUPERSET OF OR EQUAL TO) 2287</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊈ (NEITHER A SUBSET OF NOR EQUAL TO) 2288 ⊉ (NEITHER A SUPERSET OF NOR EQUAL TO) 2289</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊐ (SQUARE ORIGINAL OF) 2290 ⊑ (SQUARE IMAGE OF OR EQUAL TO) 2291</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊒ (SQUARE ORIGINAL OF OR EQUAL TO) 2292 ⊓ (SQUARE CAP) 2293</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊔ (SQUARE CUP) 2294 ⊕ (CIRCLED PLUS) 2295</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊖ (CIRCLED MINUS) 2296 ⊗ (CIRCLED TIMES) 2297</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⊘ (CIRCLED DIVISION SLASH) 2298 ⊙ (CIRCLED DOT OPERATOR) 2299</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌀ (DIAMETER SIGN) 2300 ⌁ (ELECTRIC ARROW) 2301</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌂ (HOUSE) 2302 ⌃ (UP ARROWHEAD) 2303</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌄ (DOWN ARROWHEAD) 2304 ⌅ (PROJECTIVE) 2305</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌆ (PERSPECTIVE) 2306 ⌇ (WAVY LINE) 2307</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌈ (LEFT CEILING) 2308 ⌉ (RIGHT CEILING) 2309</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌐ (REVERSED NOT SIGN) 2310 ⌑ (SQUARE LOZENGE) 2311</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌒ (ARC) 2312 ⌓ (SEGMENT) 2313</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌔ (SECTOR) 2314 ⌕ (TELEPHONE RECORDER) 2315</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌖ (POSITION INDICATOR) 2316 ⌗ (VIEWDATA SQUARE) 2317</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌘ (PLACE OF INTEREST SIGN) 2318 ⌙ (TURNED NOT SIGN) 2319</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌠ (TOP HALF INTEGRAL) 2320 ⌡ (BOTTOM HALF INTEGRAL) 2321</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌢ (FROWN) 2322 ⌣ (SMILE) 2323</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌤ (UP ARROWHEAD BETWEEN TWO HORIZONTAL BARS) 2324 ⌥ (OPTION KEY) 2325</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌦ (ERASE TO THE RIGHT) 2326 ⌧ (X IN A RECTANGLE BOX) 2327</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌨ (KEYBOARD) 2328 〈 (LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET) 2329</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌰ (TOTAL RUNOUT) 2330 ⌱ (DIMENSION ORIGIN) 2331</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌲ (CONICAL TAPER) 2332 ⌳ (SLOPE) 2333</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌴ (COUNTERBORE) 2334 ⌵ (COUNTERSINK) 2335</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌶ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL I-BEAM) 2336 ⌷ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL SQUISH QUAD) 2337</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⌸ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD EQUAL) 2338 ⌹ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DIVIDE) 2339</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍀ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL BACKSLASH BAR) 2340 ⍁ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD SLASH) 2341</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍂ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD BACKSLASH) 2342 ⍃ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD LESS-THAN) 2343</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍄ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD GREATER-THAN) 2344 ⍅ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL LEFTWARDS VANE) 2345</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍆ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RIGHTWARDS VANE) 2346 ⍇ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD LEFTWARDS ARROW) 2347</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍈ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2348 ⍉ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE BACKSLASH) 2349</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍐ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD UPWARDS ARROW) 2350 ⍑ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK OVERBAR) 2351</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍒ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL STILE) 2352 ⍓ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD UP CARET) 2353</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍔ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DEL) 2354 ⍕ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK JOT) 2355</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍖ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWNWARDS VANE) 2356 ⍗ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD DOWNWARDS ARROW) 2357</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍘ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUOTE UNDERBAR) 2358 ⍙ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DELTA UNDERBAR) 2359</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍠ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD COLON) 2360 ⍡ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP TACK DIAERESIS) 2361</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍢ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DEL DIAERESIS) 2362 ⍣ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL STAR DIAERESIS) 2363</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍤ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL JOT DIAERESIS) 2364 ⍥ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL CIRCLE DIAERESIS) 2365</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍦ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN SHOE STILE) 2366 ⍧ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL LEFT SHOE STILE) 2367</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍨ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL TILDE DIAERESIS) 2368 ⍩ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL GREATER-THAN DIAERESIS) 2369</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍰ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD QUESTION) 2370 ⍱ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL DOWN CARET TILDE) 2371</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍲ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL UP CARET TILDE) 2372 ⍳ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA) 2373</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍴ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL RHO) 2374 ⍵ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA) 2375</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍶ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL ALPHA UNDERBAR) 2376 ⍷ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL EPSILON UNDERBAR) 2377</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⍸ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL IOTA UNDERBAR) 2378 ⍹ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL OMEGA UNDERBAR) 2379</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎀ (INSERTION SYMBOL) 2380 ⎁ (CONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL) 2381</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎂ (DISCONTINUOUS UNDERLINE SYMBOL) 2382 ⎃ (EMPHASIS SYMBOL) 2383</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎄ (COMPOSITION SYMBOL) 2384 ⎅ (WHITE SQUARE WITH CENTRE VERTICAL LINE) 2385</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎆ (ENTER SYMBOL) 2386 ⎇ (ALTERNATIVE KEY SYMBOL) 2387</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎈ (HELM SYMBOL) 2388 ⎉ (CIRCLED HORIZONTAL BAR WITH NOTCH) 2389</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎐ (OPEN-CIRCUIT-OUTPUT L-TYPE SYMBOL) 2390 ⎑ (PASSIVE-PULL-DOWN-OUTPUT SYMBOL) 2391</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎒ (PASSIVE-PULL-UP-OUTPUT SYMBOL) 2392 ⎓ (DIRECT CURRENT SYMBOL FORM TWO) 2393</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎔ (SOFTWARE-FUNCTION SYMBOL) 2394 ⎕ (APL FUNCTIONAL SYMBOL QUAD) 2395</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎖ (DECIMAL SEPARATOR KEY SYMBOL) 2396 ⎗ (PREVIOUS PAGE) 2397</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⎘ (NEXT PAGE) 2398 ⎙ (PRINT SCREEN SYMBOL) 2399</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␀ (SYMBOL FOR NULL) 2400 ␁ (SYMBOL FOR START OF HEADING) 2401</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␂ (SYMBOL FOR START OF TEXT) 2402 ␃ (SYMBOL FOR END OF TEXT) 2403</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␄ (SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION) 2404 ␅ (SYMBOL FOR ENQUIRY) 2405</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␆ (SYMBOL FOR ACKNOWLEDGE) 2406 ␇ (SYMBOL FOR BELL) 2407</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␈ (SYMBOL FOR BACKSPACE) 2408 ␉ (SYMBOL FOR HORIZONTAL TABULATION) 2409</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␐ (SYMBOL FOR DATA LINK ESCAPE) 2410 ␑ (SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL ONE) 2411</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␒ (SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL TWO) 2412 ␓ (SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL THREE) 2413</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␔ (SYMBOL FOR DEVICE CONTROL FOUR) 2414 ␕ (SYMBOL FOR NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE) 2415</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␖ (SYMBOL FOR SYNCHRONOUS IDLE) 2416 ␗ (SYMBOL FOR END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK) 2417</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␘ (SYMBOL FOR CANCEL) 2418 ␙ (SYMBOL FOR END OF MEDIUM) 2419</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␠ (SYMBOL FOR SPACE) 2420 ␡ (SYMBOL FOR DELETE) 2421</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">␢ (BLANK SYMBOL) 2422 ␣ (OPEN BOX) 2423</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> (SYMBOL FOR NEWLINE) 2424</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">① (CIRCLED DIGIT ONE) 2460</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">② (CIRCLED DIGIT TWO) 2461 ③ (CIRCLED DIGIT THREE) 2462</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">④ (CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR) 2463 ⑤ (CIRCLED DIGIT FIVE) 2464</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑥ (CIRCLED DIGIT SIX) 2465 ⑦ (CIRCLED DIGIT SEVEN) 2466</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑧ (CIRCLED DIGIT EIGHT) 2467 ⑨ (CIRCLED DIGIT NINE) 2468</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑩ (CIRCLED NUMBER TEN) 2469 ⑰ (CIRCLED NUMBER SEVENTEEN) 2470</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑱ (CIRCLED NUMBER EIGHTEEN) 2471 ⑲ (CIRCLED NUMBER NINETEEN) 2472</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑳ (CIRCLED NUMBER TWENTY) 2473 ⑴ (PARENTHESIZED DIGIT ONE) 2474</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑵ (PARENTHESIZED DIGIT TWO) 2475 ⑶ (PARENTHESIZED DIGIT THREE) 2476</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑷ (PARENTHESIZED DIGIT FOUR) 2477 ⑸ (PARENTHESIZED DIGIT FIVE) 2478</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⑹ (PARENTHESIZED DIGIT SIX) 2479 ⒀ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER THIRTEEN) 2480</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒁ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER FOURTEEN) 2481 ⒂ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER FIFTEEN) 2482</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒃ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER SIXTEEN) 2483 ⒄ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER SEVENTEEN) 2484</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒅ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER EIGHTEEN) 2485 ⒆ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER NINETEEN) 2486</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒇ (PARENTHESIZED NUMBER TWENTY) 2487 ⒈ (DIGIT ONE FULL STOP) 2488</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒉ (DIGIT TWO FULL STOP) 2489 ⒐ (DIGIT NINE FULL STOP) 2490</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒑ (NUMBER TEN FULL STOP) 2491 ⒒ (NUMBER ELEVEN FULL STOP) 2492</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒓ (NUMBER TWELVE FULL STOP) 2493 ⒔ (NUMBER THIRTEEN FULL STOP) 2494</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒕ (NUMBER FOURTEEN FULL STOP) 2495 ⒖ (NUMBER FIFTEEN FULL STOP) 2496</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒗ (NUMBER SIXTEEN FULL STOP) 2497 ⒘ (NUMBER SEVENTEEN FULL STOP) 2498</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⒙ (NUMBER EIGHTEEN FULL STOP) 2499 ─ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL) 2500</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">━ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL) 2501 │ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL) 2502</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┃ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL) 2503 ┄ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT TRIPLE DASH HORIZONTAL) 2504</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┅ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY TRIPLE DASH HORIZONTAL) 2505 ┆ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT TRIPLE DASH VERTICAL) 2506</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┇ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY TRIPLE DASH VERTICAL) 2507 ┈ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT QUADRUPLE DASH HORIZONTAL) 2508</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┉ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY QUADRUPLE DASH HORIZONTAL) 2509 ┐ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN AND LEFT) 2510</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┑ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY) 2511 ┒ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT) 2512</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┓ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND LEFT) 2513 └ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND RIGHT) 2514</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┕ (BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND RIGHT HEAVY) 2515 ┖ (BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT) 2516</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┗ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP AND RIGHT) 2517 ┘ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND LEFT) 2518</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┙ (BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY) 2519 ┠ (BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND RIGHT LIGHT) 2520</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┡ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND RIGHT UP HEAVY) 2521 ┢ (BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND RIGHT DOWN HEAVY) 2522</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┣ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY VERTICAL AND RIGHT) 2523 ┤ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT VERTICAL AND LEFT) 2524</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┥ (BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL LIGHT AND LEFT HEAVY) 2525 ┦ (BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT) 2526</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┧ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT) 2527 ┨ (BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND LEFT LIGHT) 2528</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┩ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND LEFT UP HEAVY) 2529 ┰ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT) 2530</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┱ (BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT DOWN HEAVY) 2531 ┲ (BOX DRAWINGS LEFT LIGHT AND RIGHT DOWN HEAVY) 2532</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┳ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY DOWN AND HORIZONTAL) 2533 ┴ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP AND HORIZONTAL) 2534</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┵ (BOX DRAWINGS LEFT HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT) 2535 ┶ (BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT) 2536</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┷ (BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND HORIZONTAL HEAVY) 2537 ┸ (BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT) 2538</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">┹ (BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT UP HEAVY) 2539 ╀ (BOX DRAWINGS UP HEAVY AND DOWN HORIZONTAL LIGHT) 2540</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╁ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN HEAVY AND UP HORIZONTAL LIGHT) 2541 ╂ (BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL HEAVY AND HORIZONTAL LIGHT) 2542</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╃ (BOX DRAWINGS LEFT UP HEAVY AND RIGHT DOWN LIGHT) 2543 ╄ (BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT UP HEAVY AND LEFT DOWN LIGHT) 2544</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╅ (BOX DRAWINGS LEFT DOWN HEAVY AND RIGHT UP LIGHT) 2545 ╆ (BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT DOWN HEAVY AND LEFT UP LIGHT) 2546</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╇ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN LIGHT AND UP HORIZONTAL HEAVY) 2547 ╈ (BOX DRAWINGS UP LIGHT AND DOWN HORIZONTAL HEAVY) 2548</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╉ (BOX DRAWINGS RIGHT LIGHT AND LEFT VERTICAL HEAVY) 2549 ═ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL) 2550</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">║ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL) 2551 ╒ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE) 2552</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╓ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE) 2553 ╔ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND RIGHT) 2554</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╕ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE) 2555 ╖ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE) 2556</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╗ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND LEFT) 2557 ╘ (BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND RIGHT DOUBLE) 2558</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╙ (BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND RIGHT SINGLE) 2559 ╠ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND RIGHT) 2560</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╡ (BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL SINGLE AND LEFT DOUBLE) 2561 ╢ (BOX DRAWINGS VERTICAL DOUBLE AND LEFT SINGLE) 2562</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╣ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE VERTICAL AND LEFT) 2563 ╤ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE) 2564</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╥ (BOX DRAWINGS DOWN DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE) 2565 ╦ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE DOWN AND HORIZONTAL) 2566</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╧ (BOX DRAWINGS UP SINGLE AND HORIZONTAL DOUBLE) 2567 ╨ (BOX DRAWINGS UP DOUBLE AND HORIZONTAL SINGLE) 2568</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╩ (BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE UP AND HORIZONTAL) 2569 ╰ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT ARC UP AND RIGHT) 2570</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╱ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER RIGHT TO LOWER LEFT) 2571 ╲ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL UPPER LEFT TO LOWER RIGHT) 2572</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╳ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DIAGONAL CROSS) 2573 ╴ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT LEFT) 2574</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╵ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT UP) 2575 ╶ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT RIGHT) 2576</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╷ (BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT DOWN) 2577 ╸ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY LEFT) 2578</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">╹ (BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY UP) 2579 ▀ (UPPER HALF BLOCK) 2580</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▁ (LOWER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK) 2581 ▂ (LOWER ONE QUARTER BLOCK) 2582</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▃ (LOWER THREE EIGHTHS BLOCK) 2583 ▄ (LOWER HALF BLOCK) 2584</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▅ (LOWER FIVE EIGHTHS BLOCK) 2585 ▆ (LOWER THREE QUARTERS BLOCK) 2586</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▇ (LOWER SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK) 2587 █ (FULL BLOCK) 2588</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▉ (LEFT SEVEN EIGHTHS BLOCK) 2589 ▐ (RIGHT HALF BLOCK) 2590</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">░ (LIGHT SHADE) 2591 ▒ (MEDIUM SHADE) 2592</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▓ (DARK SHADE) 2593 ▔ (UPPER ONE EIGHTH BLOCK) 2594</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▕ (RIGHT ONE EIGHTH BLOCK) 2595 ▖ (QUADRANT LOWER LEFT) 2596</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▗ (QUADRANT LOWER RIGHT) 2597 ▘ (QUADRANT UPPER LEFT) 2598</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">▙ (QUADRANT UPPER LEFT AND LOWER LEFT AND LOWER RIGHT) 2599 ☀ (BLACK SUN WITH RAYS) 2600</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☁ (CLOUD) 2601 ☂ (UMBRELLA) 2602</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☃ (SNOWMAN) 2603 ☄ (COMET) 2604</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">★ (BLACK STAR) 2605 ☆ (WHITE STAR) 2606</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☇ (LIGHTNING) 2607 ☈ (THUNDERSTORM) 2608</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☉ (SUN) 2609 ☐ (BALLOT BOX) 2610</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☑ (BALLOT BOX WITH CHECK) 2611 ☒ (BALLOT BOX WITH X) 2612</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☓ (SALTIRE) 2613 ☔ (UMBRELLA WITH RAIN DROPS) 2614</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☕ (HOT BEVERAGE) 2615 ☖ (WHITE SHOGI PIECE) 2616</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☗ (BLACK SHOGI PIECE) 2617 ☘ (SHAMROCK) 2618</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☙ (REVERSED ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET) 2619 ☠ (SKULL AND CROSSBONES) 2620</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☡ (CAUTION SIGN) 2621 ☢ (RADIOACTIVE SIGN) 2622</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☣ (BIOHAZARD SIGN) 2623 ☤ (CADUCEUS) 2624</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☥ (ANKH) 2625 ☦ (ORTHODOX CROSS) 2626</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☧ (CHI RHO) 2627 ☨ (CROSS OF LORRAINE) 2628</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☩ (CROSS OF JERUSALEM) 2629 ☰ (TRIGRAM FOR HEAVEN) 2630</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☱ (TRIGRAM FOR LAKE) 2631 ☲ (TRIGRAM FOR FIRE) 2632</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☳ (TRIGRAM FOR THUNDER) 2633 ☴ (TRIGRAM FOR WIND) 2634</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☵ (TRIGRAM FOR WATER) 2635 ☶ (TRIGRAM FOR MOUNTAIN) 2636</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☷ (TRIGRAM FOR EARTH) 2637 ☸ (WHEEL OF DHARMA) 2638</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">☹ (WHITE FROWNING FACE) 2639 ♀ (FEMALE SIGN) 2640</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♁ (EARTH) 2641 ♂ (MALE SIGN) 2642</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♃ (JUPITER) 2643 ♄ (SATURN) 2644</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♅ (URANUS) 2645 ♆ (NEPTUNE) 2646</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♇ (PLUTO) 2647 ♈ (ARIES) 2648</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♉ (TAURUS) 2649 ♐ (SAGITTARIUS) 2650</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♑ (CAPRICORN) 2651 ♒ (AQUARIUS) 2652</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♓ (PISCES) 2653 ♔ (WHITE CHESS KING) 2654</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♕ (WHITE CHESS QUEEN) 2655 ♖ (WHITE CHESS ROOK) 2656</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♗ (WHITE CHESS BISHOP) 2657 ♘ (WHITE CHESS KNIGHT) 2658</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♙ (WHITE CHESS PAWN) 2659 ♠ (BLACK SPADE SUIT) 2660</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♡ (WHITE HEART SUIT) 2661 ♢ (WHITE DIAMOND SUIT) 2662</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♣ (BLACK CLUB SUIT) 2663 ♤ (WHITE SPADE SUIT) 2664</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♥ (BLACK HEART SUIT) 2665 ♦ (BLACK DIAMOND SUIT) 2666</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♧ (WHITE CLUB SUIT) 2667 ♨ (HOT SPRINGS) 2668</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♩ (QUARTER NOTE) 2669 ♰ (WEST SYRIAC CROSS) 2670</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♱ (EAST SYRIAC CROSS) 2671 ♲ (UNIVERSAL RECYCLING SYMBOL) 2672</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♳ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-1 PLASTICS) 2673 ♴ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-2 PLASTICS) 2674</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♵ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-3 PLASTICS) 2675 ♶ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-4 PLASTICS) 2676</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♷ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-5 PLASTICS) 2677 ♸ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-6 PLASTICS) 2678</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">♹ (RECYCLING SYMBOL FOR TYPE-7 PLASTICS) 2679 ⚀ (DIE FACE-1) 2680</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚁ (DIE FACE-2) 2681 ⚂ (DIE FACE-3) 2682</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚃ (DIE FACE-4) 2683 ⚄ (DIE FACE-5) 2684</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚅ (DIE FACE-6) 2685 ⚆ (WHITE CIRCLE WITH DOT RIGHT) 2686</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚇ (WHITE CIRCLE WITH TWO DOTS) 2687 ⚈ (BLACK CIRCLE WITH WHITE DOT RIGHT) 2688</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚉ (BLACK CIRCLE WITH TWO WHITE DOTS) 2689 ⚐ (WHITE FLAG) 2690</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚑ (BLACK FLAG) 2691 ⚒ (HAMMER AND PICK) 2692</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚓ (ANCHOR) 2693 ⚔ (CROSSED SWORDS) 2694</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚕ (STAFF OF AESCULAPIUS) 2695 ⚖ (SCALES) 2696</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚗ (ALEMBIC) 2697 ⚘ (FLOWER) 2698</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⚙ (GEAR) 2699 ✀ (BLACK SAFETY SCISSORS) 2700</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✁ (UPPER BLADE SCISSORS) 2701 ✂ (BLACK SCISSORS) 2702</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✃ (LOWER BLADE SCISSORS) 2703 ✄ (WHITE SCISSORS) 2704</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✅ (WHITE HEAVY CHECK MARK) 2705 ✆ (TELEPHONE LOCATION SIGN) 2706</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✇ (TAPE DRIVE) 2707 ✈ (AIRPLANE) 2708</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✉ (ENVELOPE) 2709 ✐ (UPPER RIGHT PENCIL) 2710</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✑ (WHITE NIB) 2711 ✒ (BLACK NIB) 2712</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✓ (CHECK MARK) 2713 ✔ (HEAVY CHECK MARK) 2714</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✕ (MULTIPLICATION X) 2715 ✖ (HEAVY MULTIPLICATION X) 2716</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✗ (BALLOT X) 2717 ✘ (HEAVY BALLOT X) 2718</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✙ (OUTLINED GREEK CROSS) 2719 ✠ (MALTESE CROSS) 2720</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✡ (STAR OF DAVID) 2721 ✢ (FOUR TEARDROP-SPOKED ASTERISK) 2722</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✣ (FOUR BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK) 2723 ✤ (HEAVY FOUR BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK) 2724</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✥ (FOUR CLUB-SPOKED ASTERISK) 2725 ✦ (BLACK FOUR POINTED STAR) 2726</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✧ (WHITE FOUR POINTED STAR) 2727 ✨ (SPARKLES) 2728</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✩ (STRESS OUTLINED WHITE STAR) 2729 ✰ (SHADOWED WHITE STAR) 2730</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✱ (HEAVY ASTERISK) 2731 ✲ (OPEN CENTRE ASTERISK) 2732</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✳ (EIGHT SPOKED ASTERISK) 2733 ✴ (EIGHT POINTED BLACK STAR) 2734</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✵ (EIGHT POINTED PINWHEEL STAR) 2735 ✶ (SIX POINTED BLACK STAR) 2736</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✷ (EIGHT POINTED RECTILINEAR BLACK STAR) 2737 ✸ (HEAVY EIGHT POINTED RECTILINEAR BLACK STAR) 2738</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">✹ (TWELVE POINTED BLACK STAR) 2739 ❀ (WHITE FLORETTE) 2740</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❁ (EIGHT PETALLED OUTLINED BLACK FLORETTE) 2741 ❂ (CIRCLED OPEN CENTRE EIGHT POINTED STAR) 2742</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❃ (HEAVY TEARDROP-SPOKED PINWHEEL ASTERISK) 2743 ❄ (SNOWFLAKE) 2744</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❅ (TIGHT TRIFOLIATE SNOWFLAKE) 2745 ❆ (HEAVY CHEVRON SNOWFLAKE) 2746</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❇ (SPARKLE) 2747 ❈ (HEAVY SPARKLE) 2748</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❉ (BALLOON-SPOKED ASTERISK) 2749 ❐ (UPPER RIGHT DROP-SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE) 2750</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❑ (LOWER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE) 2751 ❒ (UPPER RIGHT SHADOWED WHITE SQUARE) 2752</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❓ (BLACK QUESTION MARK ORNAMENT) 2753 ❔ (WHITE QUESTION MARK ORNAMENT) 2754</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❕ (WHITE EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT) 2755 ❖ (BLACK DIAMOND MINUS WHITE X) 2756</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❗ (HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK SYMBOL) 2757 ❘ (LIGHT VERTICAL BAR) 2758</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❙ (MEDIUM VERTICAL BAR) 2759 ❠ (HEAVY LOW DOUBLE COMMA QUOTATION MARK ORNAMENT) 2760</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❡ (CURVED STEM PARAGRAPH SIGN ORNAMENT) 2761 ❢ (HEAVY EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT) 2762</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❣ (HEAVY HEART EXCLAMATION MARK ORNAMENT) 2763 ❤ (HEAVY BLACK HEART) 2764</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❥ (ROTATED HEAVY BLACK HEART BULLET) 2765 ❦ (FLORAL HEART) 2766</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❧ (ROTATED FLORAL HEART BULLET) 2767 ❨ (MEDIUM LEFT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT) 2768</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❩ (MEDIUM RIGHT PARENTHESIS ORNAMENT) 2769 ❰ (HEAVY LEFT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT) 2770</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❱ (HEAVY RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET ORNAMENT) 2771 ❲ (LIGHT LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT) 2772</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❳ (LIGHT RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET ORNAMENT) 2773 ❴ (MEDIUM LEFT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT) 2774</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❵ (MEDIUM RIGHT CURLY BRACKET ORNAMENT) 2775 ❶ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT ONE) 2776</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❷ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT TWO) 2777 ❸ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT THREE) 2778</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">❹ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED DIGIT FOUR) 2779 ➀ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT ONE) 2780</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➁ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT TWO) 2781 ➂ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT THREE) 2782</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➃ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FOUR) 2783 ➄ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT FIVE) 2784</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➅ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SIX) 2785 ➆ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN) 2786</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➇ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT) 2787 ➈ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE) 2788</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➉ (DINGBAT CIRCLED SANS-SERIF NUMBER TEN) 2789 ➐ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT SEVEN) 2790</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➑ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT EIGHT) 2791 ➒ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF DIGIT NINE) 2792</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➓ (DINGBAT NEGATIVE CIRCLED SANS-SERIF NUMBER TEN) 2793 ➔ (HEAVY WIDE-HEADED RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2794</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➕ (HEAVY PLUS SIGN) 2795 ➖ (HEAVY MINUS SIGN) 2796</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➗ (HEAVY DIVISION SIGN) 2797 ➘ (HEAVY SOUTH EAST ARROW) 2798</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">➙ (HEAVY RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2799 ⠀ (BRAILLE PATTERN BLANK) 2800</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠁ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1) 2801 ⠂ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2) 2802</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠃ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12) 2803 ⠄ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3) 2804</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠅ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13) 2805 ⠆ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23) 2806</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠇ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123) 2807 ⠈ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4) 2808</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠉ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14) 2809 ⠐ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-5) 2810</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠑ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-15) 2811 ⠒ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-25) 2812</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠓ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-125) 2813 ⠔ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-35) 2814</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠕ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-135) 2815 ⠖ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-235) 2816</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠗ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1235) 2817 ⠘ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-45) 2818</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠙ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-145) 2819 ⠠ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-6) 2820</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠡ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-16) 2821 ⠢ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-26) 2822</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠣ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-126) 2823 ⠤ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-36) 2824</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠥ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-136) 2825 ⠦ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-236) 2826</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠧ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1236) 2827 ⠨ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-46) 2828</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠩ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-146) 2829 ⠰ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-56) 2830</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠱ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-156) 2831 ⠲ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-256) 2832</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠳ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1256) 2833 ⠴ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-356) 2834</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠵ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1356) 2835 ⠶ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2356) 2836</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠷ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12356) 2837 ⠸ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-456) 2838</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⠹ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1456) 2839 ⡀ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-7) 2840</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡁ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-17) 2841 ⡂ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-27) 2842</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡃ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-127) 2843 ⡄ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-37) 2844</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡅ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-137) 2845 ⡆ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-237) 2846</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡇ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1237) 2847 ⡈ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-47) 2848</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡉ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-147) 2849 ⡐ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-57) 2850</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡑ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-157) 2851 ⡒ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-257) 2852</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡓ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1257) 2853 ⡔ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-357) 2854</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡕ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1357) 2855 ⡖ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2357) 2856</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡗ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12357) 2857 ⡘ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-457) 2858</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡙ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1457) 2859 ⡠ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-67) 2860</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡡ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-167) 2861 ⡢ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-267) 2862</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡣ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1267) 2863 ⡤ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-367) 2864</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡥ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1367) 2865 ⡦ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2367) 2866</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡧ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12367) 2867 ⡨ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-467) 2868</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡩ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1467) 2869 ⡰ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-567) 2870</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡱ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1567) 2871 ⡲ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2567) 2872</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡳ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12567) 2873 ⡴ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-3567) 2874</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡵ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-13567) 2875 ⡶ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-23567) 2876</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡷ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-123567) 2877 ⡸ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-4567) 2878</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⡹ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-14567) 2879 ⢀ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-8) 2880</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢁ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-18) 2881 ⢂ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-28) 2882</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢃ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-128) 2883 ⢄ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-38) 2884</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢅ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-138) 2885 ⢆ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-238) 2886</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢇ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1238) 2887 ⢈ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-48) 2888</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢉ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-148) 2889 ⢐ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-58) 2890</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢑ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-158) 2891 ⢒ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-258) 2892</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢓ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1258) 2893 ⢔ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-358) 2894</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢕ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1358) 2895 ⢖ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-2358) 2896</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢗ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-12358) 2897 ⢘ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-458) 2898</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⢙ (BRAILLE PATTERN DOTS-1458) 2899 ⤀ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE) 2900</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤁ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE) 2901 ⤂ (LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE) 2902</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤃ (RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE) 2903 ⤄ (LEFT RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH VERTICAL STROKE) 2904</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤅ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM BAR) 2905 ⤆ (LEFTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR) 2906</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤇ (RIGHTWARDS DOUBLE ARROW FROM BAR) 2907 ⤈ (DOWNWARDS ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE) 2908</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤉ (UPWARDS ARROW WITH HORIZONTAL STROKE) 2909 ⤐ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED TRIPLE DASH ARROW) 2910</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤑ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH DOTTED STEM) 2911 ⤒ (UPWARDS ARROW TO BAR) 2912</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤓ (DOWNWARDS ARROW TO BAR) 2913 ⤔ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE) 2914</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤕ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE) 2915 ⤖ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL) 2916</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤗ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH VERTICAL STROKE) 2917 ⤘ (RIGHTWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW WITH TAIL WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE) 2918</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤙ (LEFTWARDS ARROW-TAIL) 2919 ⤠ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW FROM BAR TO BLACK DIAMOND) 2920</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤡ (NORTH WEST AND SOUTH EAST ARROW) 2921 ⤢ (NORTH EAST AND SOUTH WEST ARROW) 2922</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤣ (NORTH WEST ARROW WITH HOOK) 2923 ⤤ (NORTH EAST ARROW WITH HOOK) 2924</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤥ (SOUTH EAST ARROW WITH HOOK) 2925 ⤦ (SOUTH WEST ARROW WITH HOOK) 2926</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤧ (NORTH WEST ARROW AND NORTH EAST ARROW) 2927 ⤨ (NORTH EAST ARROW AND SOUTH EAST ARROW) 2928</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤩ (SOUTH EAST ARROW AND SOUTH WEST ARROW) 2929 ⤰ (RISING DIAGONAL CROSSING SOUTH EAST ARROW) 2930</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤱ (NORTH EAST ARROW CROSSING NORTH WEST ARROW) 2931 ⤲ (NORTH WEST ARROW CROSSING NORTH EAST ARROW) 2932</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤳ (WAVE ARROW POINTING DIRECTLY RIGHT) 2933 ⤴ (ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING UPWARDS) 2934</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤵ (ARROW POINTING RIGHTWARDS THEN CURVING DOWNWARDS) 2935 ⤶ (ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN CURVING LEFTWARDS) 2936</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤷ (ARROW POINTING DOWNWARDS THEN CURVING RIGHTWARDS) 2937 ⤸ (RIGHT-SIDE ARC CLOCKWISE ARROW) 2938</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⤹ (LEFT-SIDE ARC ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW) 2939 ⥀ (ANTICLOCKWISE CLOSED CIRCLE ARROW) 2940</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥁ (CLOCKWISE CLOSED CIRCLE ARROW) 2941 ⥂ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE SHORT LEFTWARDS ARROW) 2942</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥃ (LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE SHORT RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2943 ⥄ (SHORT RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW) 2944</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥅ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW WITH PLUS BELOW) 2945 ⥆ (LEFTWARDS ARROW WITH PLUS BELOW) 2946</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥇ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW THROUGH X) 2947 ⥈ (LEFT RIGHT ARROW THROUGH SMALL CIRCLE) 2948</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥉ (UPWARDS TWO-HEADED ARROW FROM SMALL CIRCLE) 2949 ⥐ (LEFT BARB DOWN RIGHT BARB DOWN HARPOON) 2950</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥑ (UP BARB LEFT DOWN BARB LEFT HARPOON) 2951 ⥒ (LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP TO BAR) 2952</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥓ (RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP TO BAR) 2953 ⥔ (UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT TO BAR) 2954</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥕ (DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT TO BAR) 2955 ⥖ (LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN TO BAR) 2956</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥗ (RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN TO BAR) 2957 ⥘ (UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT TO BAR) 2958</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥙ (DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT TO BAR) 2959 ⥠ (UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT FROM BAR) 2960</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥡ (DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT FROM BAR) 2961 ⥢ (LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN) 2962</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥣ (UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE UPWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT) 2963 ⥤ (RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN) 2964</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥥ (DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB LEFT BESIDE DOWNWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB RIGHT) 2965 ⥦ (LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP) 2966</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥧ (LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN) 2967 ⥨ (RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB UP) 2968</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥩ (RIGHTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN ABOVE LEFTWARDS HARPOON WITH BARB DOWN) 2969 ⥰ (RIGHT DOUBLE ARROW WITH ROUNDED HEAD) 2970</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥱ (EQUALS SIGN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2971 ⥲ (TILDE OPERATOR ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2972</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥳ (LEFTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR) 2973 ⥴ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE TILDE OPERATOR) 2974</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥵ (RIGHTWARDS ARROW ABOVE ALMOST EQUAL TO) 2975 ⥶ (LESS-THAN ABOVE LEFTWARDS ARROW) 2976</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥷ (LEFTWARDS ARROW THROUGH LESS-THAN) 2977 ⥸ (GREATER-THAN ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2978</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⥹ (SUBSET ABOVE RIGHTWARDS ARROW) 2979 ⦀ (TRIPLE VERTICAL BAR DELIMITER) 2980</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦁ (Z NOTATION SPOT) 2981 ⦂ (Z NOTATION TYPE COLON) 2982</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦃ (LEFT WHITE CURLY BRACKET) 2983 ⦄ (RIGHT WHITE CURLY BRACKET) 2984</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦅ (LEFT WHITE PARENTHESIS) 2985 ⦆ (RIGHT WHITE PARENTHESIS) 2986</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦇ (Z NOTATION LEFT IMAGE BRACKET) 2987 ⦈ (Z NOTATION RIGHT IMAGE BRACKET) 2988</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦉ (Z NOTATION LEFT BINDING BRACKET) 2989 ⦐ (RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET WITH TICK IN TOP CORNER) 2990</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦑ (LEFT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT) 2991 ⦒ (RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET WITH DOT) 2992</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦓ (LEFT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET) 2993 ⦔ (RIGHT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET) 2994</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦕ (DOUBLE LEFT ARC GREATER-THAN BRACKET) 2995 ⦖ (DOUBLE RIGHT ARC LESS-THAN BRACKET) 2996</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦗ (LEFT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET) 2997 ⦘ (RIGHT BLACK TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET) 2998</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">⦙ (DOTTED FENCE) 2999 、 (IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA) 3001</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">。 (IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP) 3002 〃 (DITTO MARK) 3003</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〄 (JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARD SYMBOL) 3004 々 (IDEOGRAPHIC ITERATION MARK) 3005</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〆 (IDEOGRAPHIC CLOSING MARK) 3006 〇 (IDEOGRAPHIC NUMBER ZERO) 3007</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〈 (LEFT ANGLE BRACKET) 3008 〉 (RIGHT ANGLE BRACKET) 3009</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">【 (LEFT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET) 3010 】 (RIGHT BLACK LENTICULAR BRACKET) 3011</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〒 (POSTAL MARK) 3012 〓 (GETA MARK) 3013</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〔 (LEFT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET) 3014 〕 (RIGHT TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET) 3015</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〖 (LEFT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET) 3016 〗 (RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET) 3017</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〘 (LEFT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET) 3018 〙 (RIGHT WHITE TORTOISE SHELL BRACKET) 3019</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〠 (POSTAL MARK FACE) 3020 〡 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL ONE) 3021</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〢 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL TWO) 3022 〣 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL THREE) 3023</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〤 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL FOUR) 3024 〥 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL FIVE) 3025</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〦 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL SIX) 3026 〧 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL SEVEN) 3027</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〨 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL EIGHT) 3028 〩 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL NINE) 3029</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〰 (WAVY DASH) 3030 〱 (VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK) 3031</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〲 (VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK) 3032 〳 (VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK UPPER HALF) 3033</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〴 (VERTICAL KANA REPEAT WITH VOICED SOUND MARK UPPER HALF) 3034 〵 (VERTICAL KANA REPEAT MARK LOWER HALF) 3035</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〶 (CIRCLED POSTAL MARK) 3036 〷 (IDEOGRAPHIC TELEGRAPH LINE FEED SEPARATOR SYMBOL) 3037</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">〸 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL TEN) 3038 〹 (HANGZHOU NUMERAL TWENTY) 3039</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぁ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL A) 3041 あ (HIRAGANA LETTER A) 3042</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぃ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL I) 3043 い (HIRAGANA LETTER I) 3044</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぅ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL U) 3045 う (HIRAGANA LETTER U) 3046</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぇ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL E) 3047 え (HIRAGANA LETTER E) 3048</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぉ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL O) 3049 ぐ (HIRAGANA LETTER GU) 3050</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">け (HIRAGANA LETTER KE) 3051 げ (HIRAGANA LETTER GE) 3052</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">こ (HIRAGANA LETTER KO) 3053 ご (HIRAGANA LETTER GO) 3054</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">さ (HIRAGANA LETTER SA) 3055 ざ (HIRAGANA LETTER ZA) 3056</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">し (HIRAGANA LETTER SI) 3057 じ (HIRAGANA LETTER ZI) 3058</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">す (HIRAGANA LETTER SU) 3059 だ (HIRAGANA LETTER DA) 3060</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ち (HIRAGANA LETTER TI) 3061 ぢ (HIRAGANA LETTER DI) 3062</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">っ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL TU) 3063 つ (HIRAGANA LETTER TU) 3064</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">づ (HIRAGANA LETTER DU) 3065 て (HIRAGANA LETTER TE) 3066</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">で (HIRAGANA LETTER DE) 3067 と (HIRAGANA LETTER TO) 3068</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ど (HIRAGANA LETTER DO) 3069 ば (HIRAGANA LETTER BA) 3070</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぱ (HIRAGANA LETTER PA) 3071 ひ (HIRAGANA LETTER HI) 3072</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">び (HIRAGANA LETTER BI) 3073 ぴ (HIRAGANA LETTER PI) 3074</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ふ (HIRAGANA LETTER HU) 3075 ぶ (HIRAGANA LETTER BU) 3076</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ぷ (HIRAGANA LETTER PU) 3077 へ (HIRAGANA LETTER HE) 3078</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">べ (HIRAGANA LETTER BE) 3079 む (HIRAGANA LETTER MU) 3080</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">め (HIRAGANA LETTER ME) 3081 も (HIRAGANA LETTER MO) 3082</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ゃ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YA) 3083 や (HIRAGANA LETTER YA) 3084</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ゅ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YU) 3085 ゆ (HIRAGANA LETTER YU) 3086</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ょ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL YO) 3087 よ (HIRAGANA LETTER YO) 3088</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ら (HIRAGANA LETTER RA) 3089 ゐ (HIRAGANA LETTER WI) 3090</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ゑ (HIRAGANA LETTER WE) 3091 を (HIRAGANA LETTER WO) 3092</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ん (HIRAGANA LETTER N) 3093 ゔ (HIRAGANA LETTER VU) 3094</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">ゕ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KA) 3095 ゖ (HIRAGANA LETTER SMALL KE) 3096</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-65234119067025660322015-11-27T19:03:00.000-05:002015-11-27T19:03:09.176-05:00Predicting the futureIt's been a common pastime since the first iron was smelted and the first wheel was crafted: human beings like to predict the future of technology.<br />
<br />
But how can we predict what will come next? There are actually some pretty simple tools that we can use, and they're not terribly inaccurate. First, stop wishing. Most predictions of the future are based on wishful thinking. Everyone will have a jet pack, we'll all live on clouds and peace will reign... or not.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
In reality the progression of events has been pretty simple. We make things smaller and faster and more amenable to mass-production. We occasionally invent something ground-breaking but even the printing press, steam engines and computers only sped up what we were already doing.<br />
<br />
So, what will the future look like? Simple:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Communities will be less geographical and more cultural</li>
<li>Nearly everything we do will be recorded and saved forever</li>
<li>The trade-off between privacy and security will probably become moot</li>
<li>The idea of "a computer" will become obsolete</li>
<li>Whether we continue to call something "phone" or not, the idea of a dedicated communications device is probably gone for good</li>
<li>Network connectivity as a scarce resource will seem an absurd notion</li>
<li>Food will have to change radically, probably toward genetically engineered vegetarian crops that grow in very different environments than modern farms</li>
<li>Space will become accessible, but still not entirely "safe"</li>
<li>We'll conquer most disease, but what's left will be pretty nasty</li>
<li>If hard AI happens, most of this will be secondary to the social and even physical transformation that results</li>
</ul>
Also, we all get jet packs.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-74125679774800952312015-10-16T00:38:00.000-04:002015-10-16T00:39:13.984-04:00Some thoughts on TotalBiscuit's cancer<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWzKpnN-J92SSOwEDuk_kSt2poxH2U_V55Le4jrHn_IHn_kdqtDW1eKf58iseRkUA_SOrhRTBvFDzyAELPVrRuBXC6Q9nEznMZWFbgakkxd54iglSMW6608XY-K_5HKSvySeMIzy1ptw/s1600/TB+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWzKpnN-J92SSOwEDuk_kSt2poxH2U_V55Le4jrHn_IHn_kdqtDW1eKf58iseRkUA_SOrhRTBvFDzyAELPVrRuBXC6Q9nEznMZWFbgakkxd54iglSMW6608XY-K_5HKSvySeMIzy1ptw/s200/TB+%25281%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Bain AKA TotalBiscuit</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
It's strange that YouTube, as impersonal as it is seems to be, creates what ends up feeling like an intimate relationship with the hosts whose channels I watch. I feel as if I am a part of a family and that these family members come over and hang out with me while I watch TV... only it's them on the TV.<br />
<br />
That's what makes today's announcement so hard. John Bain, who is known to the PC video gaming world as reviewer and commentator, TotalBiscuit, developed cancer a while back and it took the wind out of his sails for a while, but he went into remission. Today, we learned that it's back and the form of cancer he has now has a 2-3 year life expectancy and is inoperable.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
To say that this leaves me with a heavy heart is incalculably short of the mark. TB has been the voice I turned to for an honest (if often argumentative) opinion that I might not agree with, but I always benefitted from hearing. He's introduced me to many games I love and steered me away from many I'm just as glad to have avoided.<br />
<br />
But I've already started speaking in the past tense, and that's wrong! He's alive and, other than the knowledge of his likely future, he's well. We all have a ticking clock and I don't think that knowing when it's (possibly) going to go off changes anything other than the urgency of making plans for the future.<br />
<br />
Life is worth living whether we have two months or many decades ahead of us.<br />
<br />
And so, I look forward to his next video, and the next... and someday perhaps I'll see the video I don't want to see, either one from a loved one or a pre-recorded one announcing his demise... but perhaps I'll be gone first. Perhaps he'll be an outlier and live longer than I will. Nothing is certain, eat dessert first.<br />
<br />
Much thanks to TB for the WoW videos back in the day, through the Sega incident (I still think twice about Sega games as a result!) and to the current day! You're a good man, TB.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-20185082152437346662015-08-27T16:31:00.001-04:002015-08-27T16:32:02.665-04:00Eggs ala Ed BushellMy grandfather, Ed Bushell, used to make eggs for me in the morning. He had an impressive repertoire of recipes, but the one I remember dearly and have attempted to replicate and improve on is probably the simplest as well. It's simply poached eggs on toast, but I find that surprisingly few people know how to make a good poached egg. So here's what I do. You can put one egg on toast or two (I find that two eggs on one piece of toast is the perfect breakfast).<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Equipment:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Frying or "egg pan" 4-8" wide.</li>
<li>Spatula or slotted spoon (non-slotted if you want to make your eggs more runny)</li>
<li>Butter knife</li>
<li>Toaster</li>
</ul>
Ingredients:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>1-2 eggs (I use large or jumbo)</li>
<li>1-2 pats of butter + butter for toast</li>
<li>1 piece of bread</li>
<li>salt and pepper to taste</li>
<li>1 tsp vinegar</li>
<li>3/4-2 cups water depending on size of pan</li>
</ul>
Begin by melting 1 generous pat of butter (2 if it's a larger pan) in the pan on medium-high heat. Once fully melted, spread it across the bottom with a spatula or by swirling the pan around. Now add the water. The goal is to have enough water to cover the white of the egg only, so add or remove water to accomplish this, depending on pan size and shape. Bring the water to a vigorous boil.<br />
<br />
Now add the vinegar and generous salt and pepper to the water. Crack egg(s) into the water (the vinegar is going to prevent spreading, so you can get them nicely isolated to separate sides of the pan). Let come back to a simmer and lower heat and meanwhile, start the toast. Once the water is back to a simmer, cover and set to very low heat. The toast should be lightly buttered and set on plates before the eggs are done.<br />
<br />
Timing from return-to-simmer:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>3 min - A wiggly white with liquid yoke (don't use a slotted implement on these, or they will break)</li>
<li>4-4.5 min - A solid white with some liquid in yoke</li>
<li>4.5-5.5 min - Closer to hard-boiled without the shell (5 min can be excellent for egg salad)</li>
</ul>
Once eggs are cooked, remove from heat and use spatula to place one or two eggs onto each piece of toast as desired (two eggs, one leaning over the other can look really cool and impress a guest). My grandfather would pour a very small amount of the water over the egg once it was on the toast in order to soften the toast and add a hint of the flavor of the vinegar to the egg. This is optional, but if you do so, use about 1 tsp of the water, no more. You're not trying to make toast porridge, here...<br />
<br />
Salt and pepper to taste (remember some salt and pepper are in the water and have thus flavored the egg already). Serve with a steak or butter knife and fork. I actually use a smaller salad fork for these, but that's your call.<br />
<br />
Additional touches:<br />
<br />
Try using cultured, unsalted butter for the toast (don't waste the more expensive butter in the pan, since you mostly throw that out anyway). Cultured butter has a little bit of yogurt tang to it and stays fresh because of the live cultures instead of salt as in most butter. You can usually find this in with other butter, but you have to look at ingredients closely. Sometimes unsalted "European butter" will be of this sort.<br />
<br />
Also, a flavored salt can be nice in the water. Even strong flavors like smoked salt can work well because only some of the flavor attaches to the egg itself.<br />
<br />
I've tried different breads, and I like the really mild sorts. Some people swear by a rustic wheat or sourdough for poached eggs and I think they're insane, but more power to 'em!<br />
<br />
Whatever you do, enjoy!<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-54860880440704570622014-12-27T13:06:00.000-05:002015-01-02T12:34:25.891-05:00Understanding sleep sort: for everyone!This is an experiment, and I invite everyone to participate, no matter whether you are a programmer or think computers are only useful for reading email. This article is about sorting. In computer science, sorting is not really all that different from every day life. You get some collection of things and you want to put them in order. There must be a way of comparing any two things and understanding what order they belong in. So, if you want to sort grapefruits by size, you can compare any two grapefruits and determine that one is bigger, smaller or the same size as another. Everything else falls out of this, and every time a computer sorts your mail or the messages on Facebook or anything else, it's comparing two items at a time.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
For the rest of this essay, I'm going to prefix each paragraph with one of three words, "CS," "Everybody," and "Non-CS." If you're into computer science, then read the "CS" paragraphs. If you're not then read the "Non-CS" paragraphs. Everybody should obviously read the "Everybody" paragraphs.<br />
<br />
Everybody: So the <a href="http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Sorting_algorithms/Sleep_sort#UNIX_Shell" target="_blank">sleep sort algorithm</a> is a devious little sorting method that was developed fairly recently. It tells the computer to pause ("sleep") and then print the first number, but while it's sleeping, our program tells it to sleep and print the second number and so on. The amount of time to sleep is the same as the number to print. So, given the list "1, 2, 3, 6, 5, 4," the computer would sleep 1 second and print 1 then a second later it would print 2 and so on to the 7th second when it would print 6 and be done printing the sorted list. Magic!<br />
<br />
CS: So, the question comes up: what is the run-time complexity of sleep sort (recall that we express this in "big-O notation" such as O(n) or O(n logn). It turns out that we can't know the run time complexity of sleep sort in the general case!<br />
<br />
Non-CS: When we want to know how efficient a sorting method (algorithm) is, we ask, "how much slower does it get when I add new values to the list?" This is critical because computers often have to sort <i>very</i> large lists. For example, you might have thousands of emails in your spam folder, but Google (or whoever your email provider is) doesn't want to spend years of computer time sorting everybody's mail if they can help it, so they want to know what algorithm is the absolute fastest for large numbers of emails. For sleep sort, we can't actually answer the question of how efficient it is, which is a rather surprising answer!<br />
<br />
Everybody: But it seems as if we can know that. It takes about 1 second plus the largest number in the list. So, if the list were just 4 numbers, "1, 2, 3" and "10,000,000" then it would take ten million and one seconds to print the whole list, right? Well, not quite. It's actually 10,000,000 and some small amount of prep time. Of course, for four numbers the prep time is trivial and the time it takes to do the work is effectively all spent sleeping, waiting to print that last number.<br />
<br />
Everybody: What if, however, we want to sort the numbers 1 through 100 trillion? Well, if we have a computer with enough memory to hold all of those numbers, then we're going to spend 100 trillion plus 1 seconds, right? Well.... not really. Actually, we run into a big problem right off the bat. What if the list of numbers is reversed, except for the number 2 which comes first? We tell the computer to "sleep 2 seconds and print the number 2," then, "sleep 100 trillion seconds and print 100,000,000,000,000" and so on, all the way down to "sleep 1 second and print 1", but the amount of time that it takes to tell the computer how long to sleep for every number is actually going to be longer than 2 seconds, so the number 2 is going to be printed before the number 1!<br />
<br />
Everybody: So, we've proven that sleep sort doesn't work, right? Well, there are ways to ensure that it doesn't fail. The easiest of these is to predict how long it will take to prepare all of the numbers and add that to the number of seconds to sleep between each print. So, if it will take 20 minutes to prepare the list of 100 trillion numbers, we sleep 20 minutes and 1 second and then print the number 2. This resolves the bug and sleep sort works again. It's still the case that 20 minutes is a trivial amount of time compared to the 100 trillion and 1 seconds that it will take to print out the remaining numbers.<br />
<br />
CS: I suspect that you already see where this is going. The time spent sleeping is a constant factor times the largest value. Because the largest value can be scaled down to the length of the list, it's really a constant factor times n, and we ignore constant factors for runtime complexity analysis, so it's really n. So is sleep sort O(n)? If so, that's pretty amazing! But we had to allow for that extra prep time...<br />
<br />
Non-CS: When we try to compare the speed of sorting algorithms, we typically ignore any time spent if it doesn't change the "shape" of the curve that we would draw to describe the increased time. So, if your sorting algorithm takes 1 second per number and my sorting algorithm takes 2 seconds per number, then we say that they are the same "complexity." It turns out, though, that if your sorting algorithm took 1 second per number, it would be the best sorting algorithm ever devised! In practice, a sort takes more or less as long as the number of elements you have to compare times the logarithm of the number of elements. I won't get into logarithms or why this is true, but what this means is that the amount of time it takes to sort a list of numbers grows <i>much</i> faster than the number of items in the list as we add new items to the list.<br />
<br />
Everybody: What's confusing about sleep sort is that the sleep time is so large (a second is a very long time to a computer) that it seems as if it will always dominate the amount of time taken, but that prep time is growing at a very high rate and though it might take a list of many trillions of digits for it to happen, eventually it will be more time spent than the amount of time spent sleeping.<br />
<br />
Everybody: Okay, so what the heck is that mysterious "prep time"? Ready for the reveal...? Okay, so here's the spoiler: that prep time is spent <i>sorting the list!</i> That's right, the computer has to take all of those requests to sleep some number of seconds and it has to order them, so it needs to sort the numbers you gave it! The reason that we can't know how efficient sleep sort is is because we have to know how efficient your particular operating system's algorithm is for sorting all of those sleep requests first! That's actually the dominant factor once we have enough input items in the list, not the number of seconds that we sleep.<br />
<br />
CS: Note that the OS doesn't actually sort the list per se. It inserts each new sleep request into a data structure that is always sorted. Maintaining a sorted data structure is a related class of algorithms with similar run time complexities, but without some of the optimizations that are possible when you have all of the items from the start.<br />
<br />
Everybody: Sleep sort is a great example of how deceptive working with algorithms can be. It's so easy to hide the actual work that is going on behind layers of seemingly more time-consuming work. This is why it's often the case that performance problems in software only pop up in actual use, not in testing. If an inefficient algorithm is being used, it might not become apparent when working with small numbers of items, but as the number of items grows, the real scaling of your algorithm becomes clear!<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-82751385844740749082014-04-26T13:55:00.000-04:002014-04-27T17:27:10.715-04:00Dear Father, a response regarding Freemasonry and the Catholic Church<br />
In <a href="http://stlouisreview.com/article/2014-04-16/dear-father-catholic">a recent article on The St. Louis Review</a>, Msgr. Matthew Mitas wrote a "Dear Father" column that responded to a question about Freemasonry for Catholics. While I certainly grant that it is his and his Church's right to view Freemasonry however they like, and to set the rules for their membership, I do feel that some of the article is just absurdly wrong about Freemasonry, and needs to be challenged on that basis.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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First off, let me clarify who I am. I am a Freemason from the state of Massachusetts in the United States. Msgr. Mitas makes some points about European vs. American Freemasonry, so I think that's useful context. I'm a Master Mason, which is to say that I've been initiated through the three "Blue Lodge" degrees that makes one a Brother to all other regular Freemasons throughout the world. I am also a 32nd degree member of the Scottish Rite and a Royal Arch Mason in the York Rite. These are additional bodies which one can join after becoming a Master Mason. I hold no official office within the governance of the Fraternity or its additional bodies, and what I have to say here is my own opinion, not that of Amicable Lodge in Cambridge where I am a member, nor of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts. Other Freemasons may disagree with my tone, content or line of reasoning.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Okay, now let's get to what is said in the article:</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Freemasonry is still condemned by the Church and any Catholic who attempts to join them incurs excommunication. This prohibition has been in force from the very origins of Freemasonry and has never changed. This is a very serious penalty and is only applied when very serious matters are involved.</i></blockquote>
This is a somewhat misleading statement. In general, there are offenses for which excommunication is a likely outcome. Being a Freemason is not really one of them. The problem is that so many Catholics are Freemasons, and the ones who are tend to be among the most energetic, involved and devout... excommunicating just the ones that the Church can identify would be disastrous. So, the occasional Freemason is ejected who probably merits discipline for other reasons, and other than that, the Church remains mostly silent as long as people don't advertise their membership in the Fraternity along side their identification as Catholics.<br />
<br />
To say that it's a "very serious matter" though, is stretching the point. The Catholic Church has reservations about Freemasonry that are, in some ways, entirely understandable. We're a large organization that doesn't identify itself with any one religion, and so a Catholic Church that embraced Freemasonry would have to embrace our Brothers who are Catholics along side those who are not.<br />
<br />
It's hard to live as Jesus did without judging, lest we be judged, and while the Catholic Church has made overtures in the past 50 years that are promising toward other faiths, its track record is certainly not pristine. The Crusades and the Inquisition tend to be the first things that many people in the world think of when they think of the history of the Catholic Church. I say this, not to admonish or shame, but to bring context. I honestly think that the modern Church is trying its best to leave those days behind, and I applaud that sincerely!<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The 1917 code had explicitly stated that joining the Masons was grounds for excommunication and the 1983 code merely implied it. Realizing this confusion, the Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith (under then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger) issued a proclamation dispelling all doubt and reaffirming the long-standing ban.</blockquote>
And another point of context: the "Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith" or CDF is a new name for an old organization, previously the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" target="_blank">Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal <b>Inquisition</b></a>. You can see why it might be difficult for the world to forget the Inquisition... it literally still exists and makes proclamations about other, non-Catholic organizations, including Freemasonry!<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
It is true that Freemasonry here is different from Europe. Historically, European Freemasonry has been belligerently and virulently anti-Catholic...</blockquote>
This is subtly wrong on several levels. First of all, you cannot speak of American Freemasonry as a monolithic whole. Each US State has its own Grand Lodge (as does the District of Columbia and various protectorates and territories). A Grand Lodge is a sovereign, governing body for its jurisdiction and cannot be commanded or overruled by any other Grand Lodge.<br />
<br />
So, if you want to speak of differences, you must speak of an individual state when it comes to the US or, in most other cases, of a nation. English Freemasonry (and I do mean English, because there is a United Grand Lodge of England) is not identical to German Freemasonry which is not identical to Italian Freemasonry. But there is a system of "Landmarks" or core values which binds all Freemasons, and a Grand Lodge which rejects or modifies those Landmarks (such as the Grand Orient of France has done) will cease to be recognized as Masonic by other Grand Lodges. So, what is really being said, here, is that mainstream Freemasonry has nothing against Catholics, and in fact Catholics are welcome and embraced as Brothers without reservation. However, non-regular Freemasonry, such as that practiced by the Grand Orient of France, has diverged from these tenets and has been hostile toward Catholicism along with many other religious groups. This is unfortunate, but once a group decides to call itself Freemasonry but not acknowledge the fundamental universality of Freemasonry, there is nothing that we can do other than to turn our backs on them until they come to their senses.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>... often using its vast wealth and influence to persecute the Catholic Church.</i></blockquote>
This is, frankly, <b><i>absurd!</i></b> It is akin to the United States decrying how terrible and oppressive the American Indian tribes were toward European settlers! The Catholic Church has more money, resources and people than Freemasonry by orders of magnitude and has been extremely hostile to our Fraternity. To quote one bit of history:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>... in 1751, Pope Benedict XIV, published the Bull entitled Providas which sought to justify to a greater extent the Church’s opposition to Freemasonry and which prohibited Catholics from joining any Masonic group. This new denunciation sparked a new round of persecutions and this period is famous for the actions of Father Torrubia, a censor and revisor of the Inquisition, in allegedly attempting to carry out a plan to exterminate all Freemasons in Spain. In order the achieve this he made use of the vast network of spies available to the Inquisition and, using a false name, joined the Order himself and was thus enabled to draw up a list of 97 lodges then in existence. It is alleged that he obtained from the Papal Grand Penitentiary a dispensation to join the Order under a false name and to break his Masonic oath taken on the Bible. Fr. Torrubia handed over his list to the Inquisition in Madrid and this led to <b>the arrest of thousands of Freemasons</b>. The King, Ferdinand VI, decreed the prohibition of Freemasonry throughout the kingdom. Finally, the Cardinal Vicar <b>decreed the death sentence for all Freemasons</b>.</i></blockquote>
—from <a href="http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/history-spanish-freemasonry.html" target="_blank"><i>Death to Intellectuals the history and persecutions of Spanish Freemasonry</i></a> by V.W. Bro Martin I. McGregor Grand Lecturer, Freemasons, New Zealand.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Even granting that, the condemnation of Freemasonry is legitimate for many reasons. First, Freemasonry may have all the trappings of religion, but seeks to replace true religion with its own unorthodox beliefs and practices.</i></blockquote>
This is a grave misrepresentation of Freemasonry. Freemasonry is not, nor has it ever been a religion. There are religious allegories used within the context of Freemasonry, but we make no representation of them as elements of any one religion. We, instead, explicitly embrace the idea that every Brother comes to us with their own faith and that that faith is not to be questioned or impugned by any Freemason! In fact, when a new member takes their oath to uphold the traditions and Landmarks of the Fraternity, they do so upon the holy book of their own faith, not of Freemasonry's choosing. In my Lodge, men have taken their obligation on the King James Bible most commonly, but we keep the Jewish Tanakh, Book of Mormon and various other holy books from the religions that make up the very diverse community of Cambridge Massachusetts at hand, and they are used not infrequently.<br />
<br />
As for our own "unorthodox beliefs and practices," this phrase is not applicable in the least. Freemasonry does not have its own beliefs and we are no more or less "orthodox" than a library. We are a repository of understanding of the meaning of Brotherly Love, Charity and Hope. We augment that understanding of morality that each Brother's religion imparts him with. That is all we are, and to confuse us with an organization which seeks to be a part of any religion is to misunderstand our cause. We offer no threat to any religion nor do we seek to change the beliefs of any member. In fact, sectarian religion is simply never discussed (nor is politics) within a Lodge of Freemasons.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>... when one submits to its various rites of initiation, he is, at least formally, embracing that heterodox and peculiar understanding of the purpose of life and the means of salvation.</i></blockquote>
This gets at a point which might be obscure to those not familiar with Freemasonry, so let me explain: Freemasonry has an initiation ceremony, broken up into three parts or "degrees." Throughout these degrees, there are mentions made of the "Supreme Architect of the Universe," a phrase which is meant to encompass the essence of the belief in deity which all Freemasons share, regardless of their particular faith. We do not place any boundaries on this conception of deity that endorses a unique being as the "means of salvation." We do not explain the mechanics of a system of salvation "through works" as many Catholic scholars have attempted to claim. We simply attempt to speak to the common elements of our Brothers' faiths and emphasize the bonds that we share as men of our faiths rather than the differences that we might be divided by.<br />
<br />
This is not an anti-Catholic view and it is not a unique religious view. It is an abstracted and symbolized way of speaking about the understanding of deity which is present in some form in the hearts of all men, whether they choose to embrace it (as Catholics and many other religions do) or not (as, for example, atheists do not).<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Third, the Knights of Columbus are so much better in every conceivable way that no Catholic should ever give Freemasonry even a first thought, much less a second. And the Knights are, by the way, the best cooks in North America!</i></blockquote>
While I cannot speak to the culinary skills of the KoC, I've had conversations with some members of the Knights, and I have never gained the impression that they are more than a mere social and charitable organization. These are good and laudable things, but Freemasonry is the synthesis of literally thousands of years of strongly religious and philosophical men, attempting to unravel the mystery of the life lived among the world and to focus the lens or our individual religions on the challenges and joys of everyday life as a community, not just as factional members of insular faiths.<br />
<br />
The KoC can simply never offer this universality of Brotherhood with all mankind, and so I see no reason that we would reach such a conclusion as this. They are not "better" because they are not the same sort of endeavor. It is akin to saying, "you shouldn't be a mathematician, but ice cream is so much better in every conceivable way!"</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-7743359263943633022014-03-02T13:09:00.002-05:002014-03-02T13:09:44.407-05:00Easy and fast mac & cheese from scratch!Just the mention of a roux can send some amateur cooks into a fit, and I have to admit that mine often aren't perfect, so I tend to shy away from them. But a roux is at the heart of mac & cheese. For those who aren't aware, a roux is a blend of fat and starch that forms a pasty or saucy mixture that doesn't separate. This can be very useful for making gravies and sauces. Mac & cheese is just pasta in a cheese sauce, so it's usually a roux of butter or other oil, cheese and either corn starch or flour.<br />
<br />
Below, I'll go into the recipe for a basic mac & cheese using this technique and then a few ways you can "dress it up" with other ingredients. But I have to stress that mac & cheese is a basic canvas. Get creative and try whatever you want! If you're trying to keep carbs in line, don't have this more than once a week, and consider one of the high-fiber, high-protein pastas that have a lower glycemic index.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Basic version:</u></b><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>2 tbsp canola or peanut oil</li>
<li>1 tbsp butter</li>
<li>3 cups water</li>
<li>2 cups pasta (more if it's a large shell or the like)</li>
<li>1 cup cheddar or other flavorful cheese, shredded</li>
<li>1/2 cup cream cheese cut into small cubes</li>
<li>salt & pepper to taste<a name='more'></a></li>
</ul>
Get the oil in a large pan and bring it up to just barely shimmering, but not smoking. Add the butter and as soon as it starts to melt, put in the pasta and toss to coat. Turn heat down to medium. Toss occasionally and wait for the pasta to start showing signs of cooking on the outside (about 30 seconds to a minute). Once the pasta has started to absorb oil and is ready for water, this is the "spice phase" I'll mention below. For this recipe just add the salt and pepper. Now add the water and let it boil on medium heat until almost all of the water is gone and there's just a small amount of very cloudy, somewhat thick water at the bottom. Add the cheeses and turn off heat. Stir quickly for a couple of seconds and then transfer to a bowl and continue stirring until the cheeses melt and integrate well.<br />
<br />
The roux forms pretty much automatically when the starch from the pasta, the oil in the pan and the oil in the cheese mix. No muss, no fuss!<br />
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<b><u>Variant: Spicy Bacon Mac & Cheese</u></b><br />
<br />
As above, but:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>1 tbsp dried red pepper flakes</li>
<li>1/2 cup or more coarsely chopped, cooked bacon strips</li>
</ul>
During the "spice phase" add the red pepper and toss before adding the water. When transferring to the bowl, add the bacon.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Variant: Morel Mac & Cheese</u></b><br />
<br />
This is similar to my favorite risotto where I mix in dried morels. They lose much of their flavor to the water, so you want to cook that water into whatever you do! Here, it becomes both part of the pasta and the sauce!<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>1/2 cup dried morels, chopped into small chunks</li>
<li>1/4 cup extra water</li>
</ul>
Add the morels during the "spice phase" and the extra water with the rest of the water. That's it. This can be done with any dried mushroom. For fresh mushrooms, don't add extra water, and include them and stir once the pasta begins to absorb water.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-25124331293351573642014-01-17T19:30:00.000-05:002014-01-17T19:30:01.600-05:00Cryptocurrencies: The future of Bitcoin and its peers<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://earn-bitcoins.com/images/bitcoin-logo-plain.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://earn-bitcoins.com/images/bitcoin-logo-plain.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Bitcoin logo</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin" target="_blank">Bitcoin</a> is a name that most people have heard of. You might not have heard the term "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency" target="_blank">cryptocurrency</a>" or the names of other examples such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litecoin" target="_blank">Litecoin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peercoin" target="_blank">Peercoin</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogecoin" target="_blank">Dogecoin</a>. Cryptocurrency refers to any currency type that uses cryptography to ensure the verifiability and in most cases, anonymity of all transactions. Bitcoin was the first modern cryptocurrency, but there have been many others. In fact, creating a new cryptocurrency is so easy that the proliferation of them is getting a bit out of control. A <a href="http://litecoinblog.org/new-cryptocurrency-42coin-42-coins/" target="_blank">new currency introduced this month</a>, for example, only has 42 possible coins that can be mined--an homage to Douglas Adams' <i>Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy </i>comedy / science fiction series of novels. These vanity and joke currencies began after an Internet meme was turned into the only semi-serious cryptocurrency, "Dogecoin," which refers to the misspelling of "dog" often used on Web sites such as reddit.com.<br />
<br />
So, is this just a silly and short-lived flurry of activity? Will Bitcoin and all it's silly ilk die off?<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
No.<br />
<br />
Bitcoin is here to stay for a few simple reasons:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>There is no central organizational structure to Bitcoin or most other cryptocurrencies, so even if most people were to lose interest, the currency itself will continue on.</li>
<li>Cryptocurrencies are durable. A wallet can be lost, permanently leaving a chunk of the currency unavailable, but it is never actually destroyed.</li>
<li>There are too many people in the world who want to transact in a currency that isn't centralized.</li>
</ol>
This last item has been interpreted as a signal that cryptocurrencies are a vehicle for crime, and certainly crime has been a big consumer of Bitcoin and, to a lesser extent, other cryptocurrencies. But the value proposition is much larger than that. Sometimes perfectly legal activities in one area are constrained, financially, because of regulations in another. For example, right now in Colorado, marijuana is legal to sell, according to the state, but retailers can't deposit that money in banks because of Federal regulations. They can, however, transact in Bitcoins and transfer their holdings instantly, anywhere in the world: to an exchange like Mt. Gox or BTC-e or to a wholesaler for more product. Or they can simply hold the coins themselves (running much the same risk as holding cash, of course).<br />
<br />
The real question is: how much value can a cryptocurrency have when anyone can create one? This question is important, not because it spells the end of cryptocurrency, but because it might be the beginning. What if, for example, the US Federal Reserve and Treasury Department announced tomorrow that they were minting their own form of cryptocurrency and that it would enjoy the full faith and credit of the US Federal Government? I think Bitcoin's value in USD would fall through the floor. In this way, cryptocurrency is just a new kind of paper to print money on. Eventually governments will get involved, and <i>how</i> they get involved will be very interesting to watch. I doubt that we'll see any one nation successfully introduce their own cryptocurrency, but I could see one with a very shaky economy decide to pin their physical currency to a cryptocurrency... That would be interesting. There are already <a href="http://pando.com/2013/07/12/bitcoins-greatest-value-is-in-the-worlds-least-stable-economies/" target="_blank">some people pointing out</a> that, in these weak economies, the transactional value of BTC (or <span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">B⃦</span>) is massive to those parts of the world.<br />
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On the side of the lesser currencies, I think that the momentum of Bitcoin will continue to propel it forward, but alternatives like Litecoin and Peercoin will continue to have as much value as they introduce through innovation. Newer currencies will have a harder time getting established, but hat doesn't mean they're valueless. Essentially, we're in the land-grab stage of cryptocurrency development, and the real estate that these other currencies have carved out for themselves will only become more significant over time.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-26051488466994566282013-12-21T13:52:00.000-05:002013-12-21T13:54:20.059-05:00Solving the Wikipedia problemToday I was reading <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1teba8/i_am_wizardman_a_wikipedia_administrator_former/" target="_blank">an AMA discussion on reddit from a Wikipedia admin</a>. Much of the conversation centered around either delitionism (editors and admins on Wikipedia who want to delete lots of pages that they don't consider important) or the creeping vandalism of special interests. I've long thought that both problems could be solved by creating a new service to replace Wikipedia, so let me put my thoughts down in writing.<br />
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First off, let me say that Wikipedia is a wonderful tool and I'm glad it exists. I also want to say that many, many editors of Wikipedia have done a phenomenal job, and they should be commended.<br />
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That said, delitionism is insanity and needs to be stopped. Wikiepdia's value was in the desire to encompass all of human knowledge, and that includes obscure Pokemon powers along with the atomic weight of Hydrogen.<br />
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Here is what I think we need:<br />
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First off, I don't think MediaWiki can be the engine of what Wikipedia should be. A new engine should possess a fully consistent and well defined language for describing page content, inclusion, typesetting markup and so on. Its syntax might be very similar to MediaWiki's, perhaps even very nearly a superset, but it needs to be designed from the ground up.<br />
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Everything should be fair game, and when I say this, I don't just mean every top-level page name, but ever perspective on every page. Conservapedia should not have needed to be a separate site. Much as I might disagree with the Conservapedia founders, I think they should have been able to do what they did in the context of Wikipedia.<br />
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A point of view should not be excluded universally, but rather, should be the entry point. The "liberal academic historian" POV should be a valid point to start from as should the "avid baseball card collector" POV or the "anti-government conspiracy theorist" POV. From these points of view, much of the content is the same, but its presentation and emphasis differs.<br />
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Because content is similar, the smallest units of content ("details" or "facts" if you will) should be individually maintainable, sourced and tracked. Including such details into an article should be the task of someone with a point of view to service. This requires a good deal of technical engineering and thought, but I remain optimistic that it is workable.<br />
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Being preemptive is typically a bad idea. For example, removing images because they <i>might not</i> stand up to fair use doctrine scrutiny should be the last resort. In most cases, waiting until someone has a problem with the content should be preferred.<br />
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Curatorship should be embraced. Stephen Hawking's version of the page for Hydrogen should be embraced, as should the official U.S. Government version as should the armature astronomer version. Not only is the POV valuable, but the desire to curate and maintain these articles should be deeply encouraged. In some cases, this will lead to versions of Wikipedia being merely "blogs" but that's not a bad thing. It will also lead to the obsolescence of some Wikipedia sister projects (e.g. Wiktionary).<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-78994100053456255002013-12-14T15:05:00.000-05:002014-01-21T11:11:45.407-05:00Copyright again: 15 years may be the sweet spot<div style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="225" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/dFbV2rmQWmk" width="400"></iframe></div>
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It's worth watching this video in general, but I've linked to a specific point (if the video doesn't start at 16:24, then skip forward to there) where they present some really surprising data: in general, book publishers stop publishing books after between 10 and 20 years. What this means is that if you want to find a book published 20-40 years ago, you're probably not going to find it unless it's one of the few books that either was made into a movie or is required for some college coursework. Want to find William Gibson's <i>Johnny Mnemonic</i>? Sure, that had some big budget actors in the film adaptation, but Connie Willis's <i>Fire Watch</i>? Yeah so, how about a Kindle version? And that's the lucky ones that are available as ebooks! Many are simply lost.<br />
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So, the obvious response is that this is the market at work. Older books aren't in demand, so they aren't printed and old farts like myself that complain are just being nostalgic for something the market wouldn't buy if it <i>was</i> for sale, right? Well... not so much. The graph in the video clearly points out that once books drop out of copyright, there are publishers who eagerly pick them up and start publishing them again, and they're doing well enough that they have a thriving business that has as many books up for sale in terms of titles as the new books on Amazon!<br />
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The conclusion you should be drawing, here, is that any movement of copyright date defines the boundary of a publishing market in otherwise out-of-print (sometimes called "orphaned") works that would be generating intense interest from both publishers and buyers. But, there's a problem with our current copyright window. It's so long that many books simply don't exist in any form by the time we get there. Right now, that window ends in the 1920s, more or less (it gets complicated, but that's a relatively safe window for now). But books published in the 1910s aren't all available today to publishers who want to re-print them. It's also the case that many of the people who would have wanted to buy those books are now dead such as people who read them as children or who were alive during the events that the books depict.<br />
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This is a strong argument for shortening copyright duration, and the data presented in the video gives us some excellent bounding boxes around how long copyright makes sense. After about 15 years, there's an exponential drop-off in the availability of books: publishers just don't care enough to print them. So, let's set the first expiration there. Let publishers renew copyright if they wish, but require that renewed copyrights coincide with a newly available publication of the work or the copyright expires after another year. So you have 15 years of automatic coverage, 1 year to renew and 1 year to publish. That's 17 years of coverage without ever publishing a single book. Then you can get out to 30 years of coverage with a single renewal (the renewal always starts from the end-date of the first 15 years, no matter when in the 1-year grace period you renew; this prevents publishers from waiting to renew just to extend coverage by a year)<br />
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After the single renewal, that's it. A 30 year old book is relinquished to the public domain. The original publisher can continue to publish if they like, but based on the current data, we can assume that in most cases they will not. If they do, they might continue to make money on the book, and that's great. But if they don't and someone else does... that's the wonder of the market at work.<br />
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But what about poor, starving authors? Well, let's think about that. The few authors that make it big, typically don't do so on the basis of their work from 30 years ago. Instead, they're often continuing to write new books and those are the ones that remain popular. A perfect example is an author whose books have made the leap to television: George R. R. Martin. His <i>Song of Ice and Fire</i> series has been brought to HBO as the hit series, <i>A Game of Thrones</i>. 17 years ago, he published the first book. Obviously he and his publisher would have renewed the copyright in 2011, not just because of the HBO series that was just then being launched, but because the new novels in the series continued to boost sales of the older books.<br />
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In just under 13 more years, the final copyright would expire on the first book in 2026, and Martin would still be earning royalties on the second through seventh book, assuming that he stops at 7 as currently planned. Meanwhile, HBO also has been airing shows that didn't start as books. <i>Curb your Enthusiasm</i> is coming up on what would be its first renewal for its first season, and even though sales are down to spot number 5,568 in movies and TV on Amazon, it's likely that HBO would renew it for another 15 years. Once the first season does expire, though in 2030, one imagines that either not much would change or one publisher would find a way to revive sales and make the first season popular again. Such a revival would bring no money to HBO or the show's creators for the first season, but what of sales of the second through eighth seasons? If someone found a way to boost sales of the first, certainly the others would see a benefit in sales, and HBO would be making lots of new money on a series that they had spent no money to promote!<span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span>
But is money the only value, here? Certainly not. Money is the carrot that we give to authors and publishers in the form of a monopoly over their published works, and the reason that we give this carrot is to reap a benefit: the enrichment of the commons. When <i>A Game of Thrones</i> goes out of copyright protection, we will see a renewed interest in, not just the original work, but creating derived works from it that benefit all of us. Examples of derived works from the commons include many of Disney's most famous films such as <i>Snow White</i>; all of the many and varied adaptations of Sherlock Holmes; the works of William Shakespeare which have run the gamut from Kenneth Branagh's extremely faithful adaptation of <i>Hamlet</i> to <i>Forbidden Planet</i> which was loosely based on <i>The Tempest</i>; etc. There are a sea of works which we base on our common shared culture, but that culture is getting more and more stale, every time we extend copyright coverage. Even when you ignore directly derived works, the influence of the commons is felt everywhere. "Neither a borrower nor a lender be," and, "when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth," are both well known phrases today specifically because they ring throughout our culture, repeated time and again in new works. The archetype of the mad scientist is the direct result of Mary Shelly's <i>Frankenstein</i> and the legend of vampires was forever changed by Bram Stoker's <i>Dracula</i>. What works of the 20th century would have ingrained themselves into our culture, but never quite had that freedom, due to essentially perpetual copyright?<br />
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You can see <a href="http://essays.ajs.com/2009/08/plan-for-copyright-reform.html" target="_blank">my previous take on the topic of copyright reform</a>, in which I proposed a 10 year expiration and a system for phasing in the new expiration period that would be practical and as non-disruptive as possible, if you found this take interesting.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-73124463034438169542013-11-24T17:31:00.003-05:002013-11-24T17:31:55.224-05:00Spoiler-filled Doctor Who 50th Anniversary episode<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://media.sfx.co.uk/files/2013/03/doctor-who-50th-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="162" src="http://media.sfx.co.uk/files/2013/03/doctor-who-50th-large.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Promo Image for the episode from <a href="http://www.sfx.co.uk/2013/03/07/official-bbc-three-day-doctor-who-50th-anniversary-event-for-november/" target="_blank">SFX</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Let's just jump right into it. First off, this is a massive <b><u>spoiler-filled</u></b> review! Do not read this if you have not seen the episode!<div>
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Everyone else gone? Okay, let me get the complaints out of the way: I think the fan service was laid on a bit too thick. I love Doctor Who, but man, this made even me cringe at times! There was no real reason for the Doctor to marry the queen. Having Baker appear was kind of strained (though, see below) and I thought the epilogue was kind of painful.</div>
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That's really it. I have no other complaints.</div>
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The rest of the episode was excellent.<a name='more'></a> I loved the realization that being together meant that they could solve problems using all of the time between them. Nice touch. The humor was all top-notch, and the dry little hints here and there were excellent (e.g. the scarf that the scientist is wearing... it's not just <i>like</i> Tom Baker's scarf, it <i>is</i> his scarf. He likely gave it to her when he arrived, which is why she's so convinced that the doctor will save her... she's essentially his companion).</div>
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Now, about Rose. Do you think she was in this episode? I'm pretty sure that she was, and I'm equally sure that we have not heard the last of the Bad Wolf. Did you notice the glow in her eyes that was the same as the glow in Rose/Bad Wolf's eyes from the Tardis? She claims to be the soul of the Moment... and that might be true. Who is to say that the Moment isn't what's at the heart of the Tardis? Time travel is messy.</div>
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Second, I don't expect it to be the case, but it would be kind of amusing if Tom Baker <i>isn't</i> playing the Doctor at the end. He convinced the Doctor to go look for Galifray, which is no small change in the Doctor's agenda. Is there an easier way to convince the Doctor to listen to you than to assume the form of one of his regenerations?</div>
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One thing I really don't understand is why Hurt regenerates. I get that it prevents them bringing him back, so it smells like a contractual thing, but what's the reason in the show? The Doctor doesn't regenerate unless he's dying, and we saw no evidence that he was dying in the episode...</div>
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Another out-of-place bit: The doctor can remember every detail of every alien race he's ever met, but he's managed to make himself forget some life-changing events according to this episode... again, not buying the narrative. I think there's more to come on this story, and I suspect more involvement of Bad Wolf.</div>
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Anyway, great episode and a fun time. I'm looking forward to having more questions answered!</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-41164010703666765622013-11-09T15:58:00.001-05:002013-11-09T15:58:43.864-05:00Retiring two blogs, starting another!I've made some pretty large changes in my life of late. If you've read my other posts, you know that I'm now a Freemason. Big change! I end up attending 3-4 meetings per month (1 is my Lodge's required monthly meeting, and the others are things I choose to participate in) and then I pitch in where I can and attend cool events like our recent historic walking tour of Cambridge. So this means that I have much less time and mental bandwidth for things like video games and some of my spare-time software hacking. Because of that, I'm bringing my two blogs dedicated to those topics to a close. Those blogs are:<br />
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ajsgaming.blogspot.com and ajssoftwaredev.blogspot.com<br />
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They will continue to exist, but I probably won't post to them any more, and if I do, it will be very, very infrequent.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jzwE8rFjJ8k/Un6gfjceB4I/AAAAAAAAQu8/e0UvjKsVXek/s1600/Sierpinski-tetrahedron.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jzwE8rFjJ8k/Un6gfjceB4I/AAAAAAAAQu8/e0UvjKsVXek/s200/Sierpinski-tetrahedron.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">A Sierpinski tetrahedron<br />from momath.org</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
I'm also spinning up a new blog about Freemasonry that I will be trying to update regularly along with this one. That new blog is at:<br />
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<a href="http://tetrahedralmason.blogspot.com/">tetrahedralmason.blogspot.com</a><br />
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The Tetrahedral Freemason is all about my experiences as I explore what it means to be a better man, from working to improve my community to learning about the past to being there for my brothers to the esoteric and philosophical aspects of it all.<br />
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If you have questions, you can post replies to my posts there or here, and I'll try to answer you as best I can.<br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-14581059793557544312013-10-20T14:42:00.000-04:002013-11-05T15:39:47.439-05:00Cambridge Masonic Temple Open House yesterday<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-heQd4VN8Hw8/UmKhoq3xavI/AAAAAAAAPXU/y6liyDUkiNM/s1600/13+-+1" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-heQd4VN8Hw8/UmKhoq3xavI/AAAAAAAAPXU/y6liyDUkiNM/s320/13+-+1" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Open House at the<br />
Cambridge Masonic Temple</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
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As I posted on <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/108373812962355405651/posts/WhFhf1WJK1S" target="_blank">Google Plus</a> and <a href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151923866022278&set=a.18074112277.24155.591092277&type=1" target="_blank">Facebook</a>, yesterday, we had a <a href="http://www.massfreemasonry.org/index.tpl?&ng_view=56&ng_id=443" target="_blank">state-wide Open House in the Masonic Lodges in Massachusetts</a> along with several other states which followed our example of previous years.<br />
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To recap the event, we had a good turnout. Lots of folks wanted the full tour and I started to get a sense of what was useful and not useful to cover for someone looking at us from the outside. In case anyone's curious, here's how it went:<br />
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Usually we'd start in the basement function hall to grab a snack or drink if they wanted any. We'd hang out there and chat to see if we could bundle up a group and then proceed to the second floor "business room" which is just an informal room with a big table for hanging out and talking before meetings or otherwise having less formal events like our book club. We'd talk about the history: when the Grand Lodge of England was formed (1717), when the Massachusetts Grand Lodge was formed (1733), when the oldest Lodge associated with the Cambridge Masonic Temple was formed (1805) and when the Cambridge Masonic Temple was built (1910).<br />
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<a name='more'></a>Then we did a quick tour of the Master's Office (a small library where we keep the safe that has our Charters and other important documents) and headed off to the Tyler's hall which has pictures of various past masters of the Cambridge lodges.<br />
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From there, we go to the smaller of the two halls (which name I sadly forget, right now) and we'd talk about the hall itself. We covered the fact that "east" in a Lodge room isn't necessarily the geographically eastern end of the hall as well as the fact that a "Lodge" is a formal gathering of Masons, not the room or building in which they gather. Finally, we'd point out the central altar and the Bible that was on it and explain that candidates take their oaths to the Fraternity on a "Book of Sacred Law," but what book that is varies depending on the individual. Most Lodges in Massachusetts will have the Bible, Qurʼan and a Chumash handy, but other books have been used by many candidates. This segues into the requirements for being a Freemason in Massachusetts: a man, freeborn, of lawful age and well recommended who has a belief in a Supreme Being (in Massachusetts this includes being a monotheist, though the definition of monotheist can be moderately liberal). The "man" requirement isn't meant to exclude women (and in fact, there are many similar Masonic organizations, both recognized by mainstream Freemasonry and not, which do include women) but to imply that this is an organization dedicated to helping to find the place of a man in society, which in many ways is identical to that of a woman, but in some ways is a unique experience with its own unique lessons. The "free born" requirement is interpreted in the modern day to mean that a man must be able to enter into a binding agreement which, for example, some previous oaths might preclude.<br />
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After this or during that explanation, we move into the Endicott Hall, which is a beautiful room with a massive pipe organ and a balcony with extra seating. Here we discuss a bit of what goes on in a Lodge if asked: basically everything that goes on here is either initiation of new candidates, business such as upcoming meetings, minutes, finances and balloting on new candidates or the odd extra ceremony such as welcoming a visitor from the Grand Lodge or presenting some award to a member. We talk about the sense of universal Brotherhood and what charity means to us in that context, both to our Brother Masons and to the community at large. We also discuss the items that aren't allowed in a Lodge: religion and politics. Religion is an interesting item. In a Lodge that is opened on a prayer, to have a prohibition against discussing religion might sound odd, but it's important. We don't discuss our individual views on religion because it can be a divisive issue (to understand the enormity of this, understand that there are Lodges in Israel where Brothers are of Jewish, Muslim and Christian faiths... and they truly are Brothers in the Lodge). We do discuss religious topics through the allegory and symbolism of Freemasonry, and that might mention specific elements of specific faiths, but this might mean different things to different members. To some it might have deep religious significance. To others it might be a meaning-laden allegory, but otherwise not relevant to their personal belief.<br />
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The final topic as we move up to the third floor recreation area is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonic_bodies" target="_blank">appendant bodies of Freemasonry</a>. The Open House isn't about those bodies, so we skim the topic, but we want to make it clear that Blue Lodge Masonry, the three degrees that are conferred within the body of the Lodges we've been discussing, are the three degrees which make one a Master Mason and a Brother to every other regular Freemason in the <i>world</i>. There is no later degree which can change that or make someone "more a Mason" than any other. If you decide to pursue later education (like going on to college) then that's great, but if you do not, then you are no more or less a member of your Lodge and some members are great contributors to their Lodge without ever exploring any other body within Freemasonry. Some members seek out the philosophy, some the fraternal and social aspect, some the esoteric or religious aspect and some the opportunity to do good in their communities (or, more commonly, some combination of these). All of these types of Freemasons are essential to us and are embraced by their Lodge.</div>
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Finally, we head down and entertain any last questions. We don't give anyone any paperwork (this is an open house, not a recruiting effort, as Freemasons do not recruit.. to join one must seek out the Fraternity of their own free will) or ask them to do anything. The tour is done and what someone does next is their choice. If they ask for a card or other contact info, we provide it and otherwise send them on their way.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-14300152386916414492013-10-09T00:27:00.000-04:002013-11-05T15:40:07.322-05:00Obama is not remotely the worst President in US history<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
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Today, I came across another one of those silly, "Obama is the worst President ever!" claims that you see floating around poorly spelled Facebook posts or Fox News. Usually I brush it off, but tonight I thought it needed a real response. Let me be clear, I'm a moderate who's not always a big fan of Obama. I don't like Obamacare (single payer models are cheaper and more effective) and I'm aghast at the expansion of domestic spying under his and W's administrations. That said, I think calling him the worst President ever is as absurd as any claim I've ever heard in the political realm, and I lived through Reagan claiming that he had no idea that Iran-Contra was going on in his administration and Nixon claiming that he wasn't a crook.<br />
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So here was my response, reviewing the past few decades of Presidents.<br />
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There's no point in even discussing GWB. If you want a serious analysis of how bad he was, listen to any Republican candidate for President in the primaries for the 2008 race. They were fairly brutally honest. But if you want just one point: he invaded a country (not just attacked) that had not attacked or demonstrated any intention of attacking us; killed thousands of its citizens; and set up an occupying government that helped to radicalize much of the region.<br />
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I'd argue that Clinton was slightly more disciplined. Reagan ballooned the deficit (<a href="http://goo.gl/KUr0qV">http://goo.gl/KUr0qV</a>) and his administration sold drugs and guns to finance activities that Congress explicitly made illegal (<a href="http://goo.gl/E4kXgp">http://goo.gl/E4kXgp</a>). GHWB was actually a fairly decent President, but I'm not sure I'd call him "better" or "worse" than Obama... then again, he was probably the real architect of the aforementioned guns and drugs deal. Interestingly, while Republicans are trying to paint Obama as intractable because he won't agree to gut ACA, Carter was, by his own admission, more unwilling to make deals with Congress, while Obama has sought compromise too often for his own good at times (remember the immediate and unilateral dumping of the "public option"?)</div>
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Ford... well, it's hard to measure the effectiveness of someone with zero mandate or support, though I'll note that he took office under excruciating circumstances and left behind a nation that weathered the storm. Nixon was the architect of the "war on drugs" and left office in shame to avoid being brought up on charges, though for all his sins and some fairly ugly years of war, he did bring an end to Vietnam eventually. Johnson was the architect of Vietnam and that will forever be the only legacy people will remember, even though he championed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and other civil rights legislation. Kennedy was the architect of the Bay of Pigs, but overall he was reasonably effective and clear-headed.<br />
<br />
If you want to argue that Obama is a worse President than Clinton and Kennedy, then I think that's a fine premise, but I'd still want to see your work. If you're looking for the worst President of all time and you come up with Obama, then you're either being hyperbolic or ignorant. There are a variety of scholarly views on who the worst President was, but James Buchanan certainly does have some claim to that prize that very nearly cost us the nation... literally. (<a href="http://goo.gl/wm3ubC">http://goo.gl/wm3ubC</a>)</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-87520255317722245302013-10-03T20:00:00.000-04:002013-11-05T15:40:33.536-05:00How to watch Star Trek<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
A while back, I did an <a href="http://essays.ajs.com/2012/02/how-to-watch-babylon-5.html" target="_blank">essay about Babylon 5</a> that was primarily a guide for those who had never seen the show. I feel that watching it start-to-end is a bit of a mistake at this point, and there are places where you really should take a break and review what you've seen.<br />
<br />
Star Trek isn't the same sort of thing. Star Trek is more of a mythology than a story, and as such you can pretty much jump in anywhere and enjoy it. That being said, I have definite opinions on how you might go about this. I recently put part of this together for a Google Plus response to someone who had never watched the series, so here it is (a bit expanded) for everyone:<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Getting your feet wet with the original show (no particular order):<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>"Where No Man Has Gone Before"</li>
<li>"The City on the Edge of Forever"</li>
<li>"Space Seed"</li>
<li>"Balance of Terror"</li>
<li>"Mirror, Mirror"</li>
<li>"The Devil in the Dark"</li>
<li>"Journey to Babel"</li>
</ol>
<div>
<br /></div>
The Movies (in order):<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>Star Trek II: The Wrath of Kahn</li>
<li>Star Trek III: The Search for Spock</li>
<li>Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div>
These three really are a trilogy, and though some will say that you should avoid the middle one, I can't imagine the discontinuity being fun... and frankly, though the second half of SfS is kind of iffy, the first half more than makes up for that. It's funny, has some great character moments (especially for Bones, Sulu and Scotty).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
After that, skip ST:V at all costs. Really, it's that bad. See VI if you feel like it, but there's no strong need. Skip the rest for now.<br />
<br />
Okay now you're ready to see the new JJ Abrams ST (but you already have... just being complete) along with its sequel.<br />
<br />
Now you can dip into The Next Generation. I would suggest a progression:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>"Encounter at Farpoint" (parts 1 & 2 if you're seeing the version that was broken up)</li>
<li>"Where No One Has Gone Before"</li>
<li>"Datalore"</li>
<li>"Heart of Glory"</li>
<li>"Skin of Evil"</li>
<li>"Q Who"</li>
</ol>
<br />
... at which point you can watch "The Best of Both Worlds" I & II... from there on, I'd say that if you like the series, just keep watching. There are some truly great episodes in the middle of the series, though it's always uneven.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A note on Encounter at Farpoint: This is not a great episode (and it's 2 hours long), but you should start there. You've just watched a lot of other Trek, so I think you should be okay with some uneven storytelling as the price for getting up to speed on a new show, but just keep in mind that that's what you're doing. Farpoint is a bit goofy, but it introduces the characters, especially Data and Riker. Their relationship is key to the dynamic of the rest of the series. Riker is deeply and unashamedly the avatar of masculinity and data is, in many ways, an idealized version of a man, but with none of the traditional qualities of masculinity. That tension plays out through the rest of the series, right up to season 7. If the show has an arc (it really doesn't) that's it.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-1918299642000060512013-09-23T21:32:00.001-04:002013-11-05T15:41:02.198-05:00Low Carb Apple Pie Ala Mode!<div style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;">
<iframe frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm-na.amazon-adsystem.com/e/cm?lt1=_blank&bc1=000000&IS2=1&bg1=FFFFFF&fc1=000000&lc1=0000FF&t=ac06-20&o=1&p=8&l=as4&m=amazon&f=ifr&ref=ss_til&asins=B0057R7YTQ" style="height: 240px; width: 120px;"></iframe></div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
So, I've been reading quite a lot about religion and philosophy recently, which has affected my blog posts. Just by way of switching gears and cleansing the palate, I'd like to talk about food. Tonight I wanted some desert, but I'm trying (once again!) to get back to my low-carb diet which I abandon every time there's a round of going out to dinner.<br />
<br />
Tonight, I wanted some desert, and found that we had an apple pie flavored protein bar in the kitchen that was left over from a Quest Bar variety pack that Jeff and I have been working through. First off, let me say that Quest Bars are absolutely freaking fantastic! Jeff and I have been having quite a few of them, and at 5-7 carbs per bar, depending on flavor, these things are pretty damned tasty!<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Anyway, I could have just cut it in half and shared it with Jeff, but instead, I decided to get a little silly. Sorry, I ate it before thinking to take a picture.<br />
<br />
The base "cake" is the half-bar itself. On top of that, I put a teaspoon of plain Greek yogurt (Jeff gets the good stuff at a nearby market) and then on top, I put a dark chocolate covered raisin (one of those bags that claims to be all sorts of exotic fruits covered with chocolate, but if you read the fine print, it's either raisins or blueberries with just a few of whatever mixed in).<br />
<br />
The whole thing was very yummy, if a bit sticky. Sweet, a tad salty, and a little sour from the yogurt. Very nice!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-59749543292511835792013-09-16T20:00:00.000-04:002013-11-05T15:41:31.513-05:00How does a bacteria become a man? Is evolution just a silly idea?<div style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/dACY-bLd7Ck?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
I've been watching a syndicated evangelical show called Wretched on YouTube that has a <a href="http://youtu.be/dACY-bLd7Ck" target="_blank">terrible video up about evolution</a>. I'm going to ignore their hostile and downright abusive quick-cut interviews in which they try to get evolutionary scientists to explain the impossible. Instead, I'll focus on their thesis which is summed up at the start: a creature can't turn into a different <i>kind</i> of creature via speciation. This is absolutely true and their further conclusion is also absolutely true: there is not one shred of evidence of one creature turning into another kind of creature via evolution.<br />
<div>
So, case closed, evolution is bunk, let's all go out for pizza. Right?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Well... no. Let me explain.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
First, I want to note that I understand that not all members of Abrahamic faiths are young earth creationists. Most Jews, nominally all Catholics and many Muslims subscribe to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_evolution" target="_blank">theistic evolution</a>. That accounts for a huge subset of the world's population. I'm addressing the views held by the very vocal minority who made the video linked, above.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Evolution is a slow process. That phrase probably brings to mind pictures of slow-motion cameras, but you don't quite have the ability to comprehend just how slow evolution is. Imagine that you had the reverse of a slow-motion camera that only took one picture every 20 years. 20 years is a "generation" or about the span of time, on average, that one generation of humans will produce another generation of humans. Many have children younger, many older (this number was established before birth control, so it's not as accurate now as it once was... the <a href="http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/05/06/the-new-demography-of-american-motherhood/" target="_blank">average first child age of motherhood is 25</a>, now in the US).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
At 24 frames per second, the movie that that camera made would have no evidence of speciation after 1 second.... 10 seconds... 1 minute... and even 3 and a half minutes! To jump back to the previous species before <i>H. sapiens</i>, you must travel back over 100,000 years! But even after 200,000 years when there were, as far as we know, no <i>H. sapiens</i> on planet Earth, there were still members of our close-knit "genus," <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_(genus)" target="_blank">Homo</a> as far back as 2.3 <i>million</i> years ago, over 20 times longer than the entire existence of <i>H. sapiens</i>! We're now talking about well over an hour of our film that <i>still</i> has not shown us a new genus from which humans arose.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Our nearest ancestor of another genus is the now extinct genus <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus" target="_blank">Australopithecus</a></i> which evolved sometime around 4 to 5 million years ago. But typical young Earth creationists who use the "kind" argument are not satisfied with changes in mere genus. In some cases, they move the goal posts all the way out to whole <i>domains </i>when they suggest that bacterial evolution just produces another bacteria! To understand how absurd this is, here are two examples: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli" target="_blank"><i>E. coli</i></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobium_tepidum" target="_blank"><i>C. tepidum</i></a> a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" target="_blank">green sulfur bacteria</a> that's closely related to those found at undersea, volcanic vents. These two bacteria are the same "kind" according to the video, but they are likely separated in terms of the divergence from a common bacteria ancestor, by billions of years! They have almost nothing of their habitats or means of survival in common and <i>E. coli</i> has over twice as many genetic base pairs as <i>C. tepidum</i>! They are closer cousins on the evolutionary tree than humans and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristella_maxillaris" target="_blank">X-ray fish</a>! But to the interviewer in this video, they are "the same kind." This demonstrates just how absurd such an attempt to classify life by a few simple attributes can be.<br />
<br />
Ah, but the astute reader recalls that I started off by saying that evolution never produces new "kinds". Well, I'll admit that I was being overly broad in that statement. Let me be very specific: you will never be able to look at the offspring of a creature and say, "that is a new genus!" It simply doesn't work that way. You could wait billions of years and you would never see that happen. The offspring of a human will always be a human. At some point, the word "human" will either subtly change in meaning or become too unspecific to be useful and you'll want to use a new word, but you'll never be able to pick the specific generation where that happened. Why? Because it doesn't happen over a generation. It happens over hundreds of thousands of generations. One one-hundred-thousandth of the change required to become a new "kind" in the shortest period that makes any sense to talk about would be undetectable without genetic analysis, and even then genetic variation occurs all the time, so you can't just see any change and say, "that's the line."<br />
<br />
What young Earth creationists are asking us to accept is that evolution is wrong because we can't demonstrate events that can only be measured in terms of millions or even billions of years. Well, if that's where they've had to move the goalposts, then I consider that as ringing an endorsement for the theory of evolution (see <a href="http://essays.ajs.com/2009/04/evolution-theories-and-fact.html" target="_blank">my provisos about how overly broad "evolution" is as a term</a>) as we're ever likely to see until someone invents time travel.<br />
<br />
But if you really care about the science, understand this: if, as YECs claim, the Ark sent forth just a few strains of creatures 4,500 years ago that were all created individually by the hand of God, then there's an awful lot of evidence that just doesn't make sense. For example, all of those species have DNA that makes it look like they are related. They don't look like unique creations on a genetic level, but like members of a very large family tree. In fact, there's no evidence at all for this massive shift in evolutionary timescales necessary for post-flood evolution to have happened.<br />
<br />
I don't begrudge YECs their views. It's perfectly acceptable to believe that the world is literally 6,000 years old and that God likes to confuse humans by planting evidence to the contrary. But the denial of the evidence to the contrary is what's problematic, here. If our public discourse is built around calling people liars for observing what's in front of them, then we're going to have a very dysfunctional society.</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-40152355294431390362013-08-17T12:35:00.001-04:002013-11-05T15:42:00.621-05:00Creative Design: An alternative to Intelligent Design<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
Intelligent Design (ID) was, as I've <a href="http://essays.ajs.com/2009/04/evolution-theories-and-fact.html" target="_blank">covered here before</a>, more or less a political effort to disguise a Christian, Young Earth Creationist document as a pseudo-scientific premise. It was so poorly constructed that, in court, evidence was presented from a word processor document that showed that the cornerstone of ID was, in fact, just a Christian Creationism document that had been edited to say "Intelligent Design" instead of "Creationism". But there's a problem. The idea of intelligent design predates the terrible and hackish attempt by a small group of American Christians to re-invent it. Thomas Aquinas's 5th way of demonstrating the existence of God was essentially Intelligent Design, and more broadly, there were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleological_argument#British_empiricists" target="_blank">many empiricists of the 17th and 18th century</a> who worked on this idea as well, including Hume and Locke.<br />
<br />
Bowler, in his book, Evolution: The History of an Idea makes it clear that as early as the 1860s, people were struggling with this idea with respect to evolution, and felt that the complexity and diversity of what we actually see in nature must imply the existence of a creator, and that that idea was not antithetical to the evidence of our senses combined with the power of reason (i.e. science). Whether you agree or disagree with that premise, it seems a worthy thing to come up with a term that we can use to refer to this concept.<br />
<br />
More or less, the term for this class of idea is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleological_argument">teleological argument</a>. However, that term narrowly refers to an <i>a posteriori</i> argument for the existence of God. I'm looking for a term which more broadly asserts the fundamental concept of intelligence in the act of creation.<br />
<br />
This is my attempt to do so. Let's look at what we need to define and then we'll get to the definition.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
I think that such an idea would have to encompass these elements:<br />
<ul>
<li>The idea that complexity and diversity imply an initial effort of intelligence</li>
<li>That this conclusion is the product of reason and not of dogma</li>
<li>That, due to its origins, it should embrace reason and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" target="_blank">empiricism</a></li>
</ul>
One byproduct of a purely empirical outlook on the designer argument is that it must co-exist with scientific inquiry. That is, any effort to investigate the world around us with the tools of reason and empiricism must not be approached as the enemy of this argument, but as an ally.<br />
<br />
Now, to the definition:<br />
<br />
Creative Design (CD) is the assertion that the Universe was <i>modified </i>from an initial state of non-existence or from an existence which was antithetical to life, into the form that we observe now. It is further the assertion of CD that this modification ("creation") was the effort of intelligence and creativity. No assertion is made as to the nature of the source of this intelligence and creativity, nor is any assertion made as to the mechanism of its interaction.<br />
<br />
CD is <b>not</b>:<br />
<ul>
<li>An alternative to the theory of evolution or modern cosmology</li>
<li>A proxy for any particular religion (though it is compatible with some, Roman Catholics, for example)</li>
<li>An argument against the application of empiricism and science to the analysis of the natural world</li>
<li>An endorsement of the attempt to weaken statements about evolution or cosmology in science curriculums</li>
</ul>
So, if you find yourself needing to describe the religion-neutral thesis that the universe was "created", feel free to use the term, Creative Design.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-75631488230315524132013-07-12T19:00:00.000-04:002013-11-05T15:42:35.428-05:00Did religion slow the rate of human progress?<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iOKHxjvDjzo/UdDD4GzR1pI/AAAAAAAABm4/zFze3qgigGg/w506-h674-o/family+guy+christianity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iOKHxjvDjzo/UdDD4GzR1pI/AAAAAAAABm4/zFze3qgigGg/w506-h674-o/family+guy+christianity.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A scene from the TV show Family Guy,<br />
as <a href="https://plus.google.com/106064745783348514896/posts/dQmX5T6aaJg" target="_blank">quoted on Google+</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
I'm going to spoil this one for you, on the topic of whether religion slowed the rate of human progress, I think the answer is clear: no, it did not. However, I also think that you can point to some serious "one step forward, two steps back" moments in history, especially as concern Europe and its recent (last 2,000 years) affair with the Christian faith.<br />
<br />
It would be impossible to cover the entire history of the interaction of religion and human progress, but I do want to talk about some specific high (and low) points that I think make this topic a bit clearer. I should be up-front: I'm not a member of any religion, but I'm not an atheist. You can read more about my personal beliefs in <a href="http://essays.ajs.com/2013/05/deism.html" target="_blank">my post about deism</a>.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
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The first thing that many Westerners think of when they consider human progress and religion is the trouble that some prominent scientists and philosophers have had with Christianity and with the Catholic Church more specifically. I'm going to touch on that later, but it's important to start off this analysis by covering the idea that narrowly focusing on specific events when you're talking about thousands of years of human history is a major error in logic. Instead, I'm going to start at the beginning, but before I do that, let's cover the definitions. Religion is pretty easy. It's the assertion that there are forces beyond the "natural" over which humanity has no power. Further, religion is a social institution built around myth built around this assertion.<br />
<br />
What is myth? Myth is, to over-simplify, storytelling. It is knowledge that we pass down from generation to generation. Myths can be true or false. If my mother taught me the germ theory of disease, but I had never encountered any of the evidence that germs existed, then that would be a myth, but it would also be true. So by calling religions mythologies, I'm not asserting that they are true or false.<br />
<br />
And finally, we need to define progress. This is actually quite hard, but I'm going to define it for this article as the accretion of knowledge which furthers practical improvements in the human condition with respect to survival, standard of living and freedom of the individual.<br />
<br />
<b>The Beginning</b><br />
<br />
Religion exists in every culture for which we have enough of a record to make any determination on the subject. Ancient religions focused on the pressing needs of the prehistoric human: food, shelter, survival. I don't think anyone would argue that prehistoric man failed to adapt to his environment because of religion. For one, prehistoric man <i>did</i> adapt to his environment and gave rise to the two most important technologies that man has ever invented: agriculture and writing.<br />
<br />
So, the barrier presented by religion, if it existed, must have come later. Let's look at one of the earliest written religions: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" target="_blank">Hinduism</a>. In its earliest form, Ancient Hinduism (AKA Vedic Brahmanism) was tightly entwined with the rise of science and mathematics in Vedic India. To quote Wikipedia:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
By the time of the last Veda, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda">Yajurvedasaṃhitā</a> (1200-900 BCE), numbers as high as 10¹²<span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"> </span>were being included in the texts. ... <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a> (c. 8th century BCE) composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, which contains examples of simple <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triples">Pythagorean triples</a> [...] the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a> for the sides of a square [and] gives a formula for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_two">square </a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_two" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; text-decoration: none;" title="Square root of two">root of two</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">. [...]</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanga_Jyotisha">Vedānga Jyotiṣa</a> [an astronomical text from between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE] details several astronomical attributes generally applied for timing social and religious events. [including] astronomical calculations, calendrical studies, [and] rules for empirical observation. [It also detailed] lunar months, solar months, and their adjustment by a lunar leap month of Adhimāsa.</blockquote>
<br />
All of this progress was made in conjunction with the Vedic religions and in service to them. The mathematical and scientific concepts that were born from these regions would later travel along the trade routes from east to west, delivering this knowledge to the Arabic peoples of North Africa, the Christian peoples of Europe and beyond. To these cultures we owe much of the underpinnings of modern mathematics especially.<br />
<br />
<i>Note (edit): the above could easily apply to the ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mathematics" target="_blank">Egyptians</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization#Mathematics" target="_blank">Maya</a> or the early Taoists.</i><br />
<br />
<b>Europe</b><br />
<br />
So, it seems pretty clear that Hinduism didn't <strike>slow</strike> prevent human progress. Now comes the hard part: did Christianity? This is an incredibly complex question for two reasons: first, we tend to over-emphasize the modern day because it's what we have the most documentation for. It's easy to forget that when talking about India, we just covered something like 2-4000 years of history in a couple of paragraphs. When looking at the history of Europe, we see the so-called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages" target="_blank">dark ages</a>" as a massive gap between the Roman and Enlightenment eras, but that was a mere 1000 years. A similar time of decline almost certainly occurred during the other time periods we've discussed, but it's hard to isolate such periods when summarizing thousands of years' progress.<br />
<br />
But were the dark ages dark? Such religious thinkers as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duns_Scotus" target="_blank">Duns Scotus</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Ockham" target="_blank">William of Ockham</a> were pre-Renaissance philosophers who changed the very nature of our religious and secular thought, paving the way for the single most important philosophical achievement to the topic of this essay: the development of the scientific method. In the late middle ages (the dawn of the Renaissance) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" target="_blank">Martin Luther's</a> Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms paved the way for religious and secular views to coexist in harmony without conflict (needless to say, this was not universally applied). This concept was further developed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" target="_blank">John Locke</a>, whose views of religion were of cooperation with reason, not opposition to it. His views would directly lead to (and be quoted in) the founding documents of the United States of America.<br />
<br />
<b>The age of exploration</b><br />
<br />
But that only shortens the window of the dark ages to 700 or so years. Is religion still responsible for that period of slowed progress? Not really. The primary reason for stagnation after the fall of the Roman Empire is the <a href="http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-trade-commerce.htm" target="_blank">destruction of trade routes</a>. Trade has always been the primary means of cultural, philosophical and technological exchange. In the middle ages, after Rome had fallen, the open network of travel that Rome had created fell apart. Local land-owners, kings and other provincial power structures began to constrain, tax and in some cases outright block mercantile travel through their regions which had previously been subject to the rights of Roman citizens to travel, unhindered. It is no surprise, then, that the Renaissance began in what is now Italy, a nation with ready access to the Mediterranean Sea, which connected North Africa and the Middle East. Access to these trade-rich regions inspired the dawn of an age of exploration that would bring the Far East into direct contact with Europe and revitalize the scientific and technological progress by revitalizing trade within the continent and thus establishing a robust mercantile class.<br />
<br />
<b>The Crusades</b><br />
<br />
The Crusades are a complex topic on their own. Starting between 700 and 1100 CE, depending on how you measure, the Crusades are not one event, but a collection of loosely related political, military and religious struggles throughout a period of roughly 300-500 years of primary conflict. Their relevance to progress is murky at best. Contact with the Middle East did increase Europe's desire for trade and would eventually entwine with the period of exploration that was to follow. In fact, it could be argued that the crusades were a period of political expansion and re-assertion as Europe regained its footing in the post-Roman era. The inclusion of religious goals and ideologies is a path-of-least-resistance, not a cause for the Crusades. That's one possible point of view, but it's certainly not the only one. No matter how you look at the Crusades, however, their impact on progress is, at worst, a short delay and at best a shot in the arm to trade-based communication and exchange that was otherwise prevented by the provincial interests of feudal leaders.<br />
<br />
<b>Persecution</b><br />
<br />
When the relationship between religion and progress comes up, the persecution of people like Galileo is usually used as evidence that religion slowed progress, but that ignores the fact that great thinkers in Europe were very often patronized by the Church or by Church leaders (local bishops, etc). That this system was a source of corruption, abuse, or scandal is not evidence that it slowed progress, and I think much the opposite could be argued: the level of funding that the Church put into public works, art and technology in the middle ages far out-stripped that of any individual government.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
<br />
In the end, I think it's clear: the modern era was, if anything, hastened along its path by the activities of religious institutions during the middle ages. A corresponding argument can be made that there was an awful lot of fear generated by the Catholic Church and that certain ideas clearly flourished more readily under other systems (Moorish Spain can be seen as an example of this, though it can also be seen as religion barely getting out of the way of my earlier point: travel and trade increasing communication).<br />
<br />
Like I said, this is a huge topic and one that cannot be easily addressed. What I hope to have done is make it clear that the Family Guy cartoon that I started off with is an oft-repeated over-simplification.<br />
<br />
Side point: Is that the lab from Futurama in the background?<br />
<br />
Notes from the Atheism Community Discussion<br />
<br />
Thank you to everyone in the Atheism community! We had a great discussion about this, and while I'm sure there are those who will never fully agree with me, I tried to take what they all had to say to heart! I've made some edits, above, but here are a few of my responses from that discussion that I think enhance the article on their own:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">John Locke didn't stop asking questions. Scotus and Ockham didn't stop (really, read the hell out of those three guys, regardless of their religion). Augustine, for all I may think that he was dead-wrong on many topics, certainly kept asking questions. And lest you try to accuse me of misrepresenting the list with a couple of examples, check out: </span><a class="ot-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_thinkers_in_science" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_thinkers_in_science</a></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">And note that for all we talk about the Church's treatment of Galileo, he </span><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">was</i><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> a Christian as was Kepler and Bacon and Descartes and Leibniz and Newton. You can run all the way up through the modern day.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">After that you can proceed on to:<br /><a class="ot-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; transition: color 0.218s;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers</a><br />and:<br /><a class="ot-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists</a><br />How can we reconcile the claim that all questioning stops with this list:<br /><a class="ot-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindus#Scientists_.2F_Inventors_.2F_Engineers_.2F_Doctors" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindus#Scientists_.2F_Inventors_.2F_Engineers_.2F_Doctors</a><br />Here's my answer to that: you can't. Religion isn't an end to questions, but a start.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The enemy of thought and questioning is blind conservatism. Blind conservatism in the service of faith or of culture or of ethnicity or of nationalism. This is the force that fueled the Inquisition, not a the belief that a carpenter was the son of a god. This is what fueled Stalin's murderous purges. This is what fuels the bombing of abortion clinics in support of doctrine that doesn't even exist. This is what causes the rape and murder of millions in war-torn parts of the world. In short, the enemy is in us all, and it emerges when we tell someone that they're less human because of what they believe or who they love or the color of their skin or what they eat or how they dress or who they vote for.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">"The best alternative is to consider the fundamental principles that supports science" -- such as what? empiricism? To quote Wikipedia, "Philosophers associated with empiricism include Aristotle, Alhazen, Avicenna, Ibn Tufail, Robert Grosseteste, William of Ockham, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, John Locke, George Berkeley, Hermann von Helmholtz, David Hume, Leopold von Ranke, and John Stuart Mill." Feel free to look these guys up. Not all of them were terribly religious. John Stuart Mill, for example, was an atheist. But Ockham was a Franciscan monk. Ibn Tufail was an Islamic theologian. The fundamental principles of science are the legacy of thousands of years of religious people developing the social infrastructure, philosophical rigor and intellectual freedom to get there. If you're a free thinker, you have much more in common with Locke than you do with Stalin, vastly more so!</span></li>
<li><complete id="goog_1596511406">+Dan Eastwood said: </complete><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">I find this "1000 years more advanced ..." to be an unfair criticism of religion.It presumes an alternative history where things happened very differently and growth continued unabated. We don't know that such an alternative was possible. There are </span><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">many</i><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> possible alternatives that </span><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">might</i><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> have happened, and not all of them would have allowed unabated growth. Many of them might have been worse.</span><br style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">It's a bad hypothesis. It's not really testable. It relies on some very strong assumptions that simply are not justified. </span><b style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">In short, it's too muc</b><b style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">h like religion.</b><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">In response to a claim that I was cherry-picking religious folks who were great thinkers and that that was an exception to the rule: </span></span><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">How many hundreds of examples must we cite before we accept the rule? Christianity did great evil and great good. It propelled the pace of progress at a rate that was often unacceptable to the feudal kingdoms with which it interacted and it conversely burned people at the stake for translating the Bible. Any religion with billions of members (</span><a class="ot-anchor" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_demographics#Religious_demographics" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_demographics#Religious_demographics</a><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">) will be a massive pile of contradictions and arguments. But, unlike some religions that preceded it, Christianity more often than not fostered those arguments and embraced those contradictions as evidenced by the emergence of empiricism from the body of religious scholarship that I referenced, above.</span><br style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">If you're looking for me to say that there is no alternate reality where atheist overlords would have marched progress forward exponentially faster, I can't say that, but as </span><span class="proflinkWrapper" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="proflinkPrefix" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; color: #427fed; transition: color 0.218s;">+</span><a class="proflink" href="https://plus.google.com/105686326520989280076" oid="105686326520989280076" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.218s; color: #427fed; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; transition: color 0.218s;">Dan Eastwood</a></span><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> pointed out, neither can anyone else. We have what we have, and arguing that religion stifled progress is not based on fact, but on supposition. My assertion is that it's based on</span><i style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">poor</i><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #404040; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"> supposition, but that's just me</span></li>
</ul>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-18038470337676234742013-07-04T02:22:00.001-04:002013-11-05T15:43:00.738-05:00Let's get over Chained CPI<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
In the United States, we tie a number of entitlements programs like Social Security to inflation. This means that as goods become more expensive, those benefits go up. This makes good sense if you want those entitlements to adapt to the economic conditions (whether or not wanting that is a good thing is beyond the scope of this article). So, you may have heard of this thing called "Chained CPI" which some politicians argue amounts to a plan to cut Social Security benefits.<br />
<br />
That's nonsense, and just so that you know where I'm going with this, anyone who says that is lying to you. Want to find out more, or are you already plotting my death because I'm clearly one of <i>those people</i>? (hint: I'm not)<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Still here? Fine, let's look at the details. It turns out that measuring inflation is hard, but it's essential that we do so for oh so many reasons. One way to do it is to pick a bunch of essential goods and measure their price every year. Let's make it simple and say that you pick just two goods. Regular gasoline and brown eggs. Great, so you go around measuring the price of those in every city in America for two years. On year two, you find that gas increased by 2% while eggs increased by 1%. You can average those and say that the rate of inflation was 1.5%. Done and done, problem solved.<br />
<br />
Ah, but there's a problem! What if the price eggs going up was more than many consumers would tolerate, so they switched to white eggs? This is a fairly well known and studied problem, and not too long ago, we accounted for that by tracking the price of what people switch to. Great, solved, next.<br />
<br />
Not yet. The problem now is that the price of eggs went up so much that many people switched to cereal for breakfast which has not been increasing in cost. Now the idea that there was real inflation is brought into question because it's not a measure of how much buying power changed by. This too has been solved by Chained CPI which tracks changes on a monthly basis and tracks moves to new replacement products which aren't just different versions of the same thing.<br />
<br />
That's all CPI is, and every bipartisan group to look at the budget has suggested that we move to using it to track entitlements. So why don't we? Because things like Social Security payments have been growing by a bit more than inflation for a long time and no one who's getting free money wants to give it up...<br />
<br />
How do we solve this? My suggestion is this: move to Chained CPI. Every 2 years, have a bipartisan group study the way CPI and Chained CPI have mapped to buying power and reverse the change if there's a problem (hint: there won't be).<br />
<br />
So, why did I say that politicians are lying about this? Because they keep referring to this as a benefit "cut" but no one is arguing for lowering benefits, only scaling the <i>increases</i> more accurately over time.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4075524748616031851.post-41900903728810520372013-06-09T17:45:00.000-04:002013-11-05T15:43:27.657-05:00Borderlands 2 and the Damsel in Distress<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Dicksee-Chivalry-1885.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Dicksee-Chivalry-1885.jpg" width="149" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">The painting, Chivalry, by <br />
Frank Dicksee, 1885</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">By Aaron Sherman</span><br />
<br />
The "<a href="http://youtu.be/toa_vH6xGqs" target="_blank">Tropes vs Women in Video Games project" has a new video</a> up about the damsel in distress concept in video games. While I agree with some of what the video has to say, there's an awful lot of cherry-picking going on, here. The video specifically calls out one game that I've played through and it strikes me as odd that the one example that I have plenty of context for seems to fall apart when viewed in the larger context.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Before I get into that, though, let me cover the disclaimer in the video. The narrator explains that it's not sufficient for violence against a woman to have context in the storyline of a video game. That does not excuse the act. I'm inclined to generally agree. Instead, violence against any character in a video game stands on its own as a positive or negative (or, importantly, neutral) beat in the overall story, and that's how I want to look at Borderlands 2.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Borderlands 2 is introduced because of the character "Angel." Now, to be fair, there are spoilers ahead. Angel is introduced in the beginning of the story as a helpful AI who will guide the player to their destiny. I'm going to talk about what Angel actually is, so if you plan on playing the game, you might want to stop, here.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.wikia.com/borderlands/images/2/26/Angel_Closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="http://images.wikia.com/borderlands/images/2/26/Angel_Closeup.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Angel's reveal as a human, moments before her death.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Okay, so Angel is a "siren," which, in the Borderlands 2 world, means that she (a human, not an AI) has some mental abilities that are made radically more powerful in the presence of a rare material found on Pandora, the world where Borderlands 1 and 2 take place. Angel's father, Handsome Jack, has been torturing her and forcing her to perform unpleasant tasks like leading adventurers such as the main character to their doom for many years. To resolve this problem Angel has developed a plan: lead an adventurer to her and have them shut down the machines that have been simultaneously torturing her physically, amplifying her power and keeping her alive. This will result in her death, but it will also result in her release.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
This, the main character then does (it should be noted that 1 out of 4 of the main character options is female), with the aid of the local resistance leader and his ex-girlfriend <a href="http://borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Lilith" target="_blank">Lilith</a>, a powerful siren in her own right.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://images.wikia.com/borderlands/images/5/54/81d31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://images.wikia.com/borderlands/images/5/54/81d31.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lilith's "splash screen" intro when she<br />
saves and aids the main character.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
Interestingly, the video got things backwards. Angel isn't the main character's damsel (the main character doesn't even find out that she's a human being until moments before the final encounter with her)... but she <i>is</i> Handsome Jack's girl in the refrigerator (see the video for context, but the term refers to a murdered woman who the protagonist (antagonist in this case) is motivated to avenge). Handsome Jack spends the rest of the game seeking vengeance for the murder of his daughter. Meanwhile the main character <i>does</i> fall into a trope of female disempowerment to some extent, but it's so murky that I can't really get behind labeling it as such: the siren that helped him destroy the machines keeping Angel alive is then kidnapped by Jack and forced to fill Angel's role through the use of the control collar that Angel once wore.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JHk_ACvy1w4/UbT3BUk7dCI/AAAAAAAAKmo/BF-ZlEt6QiM/s1600/c+(1).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JHk_ACvy1w4/UbT3BUk7dCI/AAAAAAAAKmo/BF-ZlEt6QiM/s320/c+(1).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roland is shot by Handsome Jack (<a href="http://youtu.be/prl3nszvhMQ" target="_blank">via YouTube</a>)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Why is this blatant damsel in distress trope "murky"? Well, we should start with the fact that it's paired with a man in the refrigerator: the leader of the resistance is shot through the heart by Jack just before the siren is captured, motivating the main character to seek revenge. Also, the siren immediately saves the main character's life after being collared and spends the rest of the game resisting the control collar enough to aid and guide the main character to victory against Jack and saving the world from a powerful alien killing machine (saving her incidentally). She's also never the object of the main character's romantic interest. Meanwhile, Jack's quest for vengeance clearly marks him as the villain of the story regardless of his constant monologuing about "a father's wrath."</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The game is also littered with trope-challenging characters and situations. The butch car mechanic woman would have been a lesbian in many games that I've played, but the game decides to play her as straight. Speaking of whom, she's also quite heavy, but makes a point of displaying her positive body image literally as well as figuratively (pun intended).</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
The other interesting female characters in this game include a bar owner who seems to be the ex-wife of every male character you run into (and yet somehow on excellent terms with most of them); a child who leads the main character through the resolution of her own quest for vengeance for the death of her parents and a hippy-like miner who helps the main character save her whole town from the oppressive Hyperion Corporation.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
There's also the gay take on the British big-game hunter, a cheerfully depressed robot and a vaguely latino, alcoholic, sharpshooter, environmentalist.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
There's just nothing stereotypical about this game except for the fact that the main character shoots a bunch of psychopathic, Mad Max-esque bad guys throughout the game.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Okay, so I think her choice of Borderlands 2 was poor and even if she wanted to harp on B2, she should have focused on the actual damsel (not that she was very damselesque): the Siren Lilith. But there are a couple other points I feel I should mention about her video:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>I don't think the damsel or the girl in the refrigerator are always bad tropes. The problem with violence against women (or men) in video games isn't that it exists or that it makes the women (or men) powerless, it's the callous way in which it is presented to the player. In some games the damsel is presented as nothing more than property of the main character and her "theft" and any "damage" to her are affronts which must be responded to, lest the main character's masculinity be called into question. <i>That</i> is the trope that harkens back far too much to the barbaric ways that men have treated women. In some societies, these behaviors are <i>still</i> acceptable (the concept of a honor killing comes to mind), which is just crazy.</li>
<li>Sometimes women <i>are</i> taken away by evil doers and rescued by good men. In one recent case, three girls were held captive and one of them even birthed their captor's baby... they were rescued by a neighbor who I think rightly deserves to be called a hero. This is not an effort to glorify the violence they underwent, but rather to revile the man who could perform such cruel and sadistic acts upon children (be they male or female).</li>
<li>The "kill me, please" trope that specifically involves the corruption of a character by a monstrous villain and the subsequent mercy killing was popularized by Alien (interestingly enough, in <a href="http://youtu.be/5rLnDtuQrtE" target="_blank">a scene that was not part of the original theatrical version</a>, but has subsequently been restored). The "kill me" scene was then <a href="http://youtu.be/0B0sFtRTlx4" target="_blank">repeated in the sequel, Aliens</a>, with a female character and has been a trope of video games and movies ever since. What's interesting about this is that the original version in Alien was a woman killing a man who she had been close to, not the other way around. As such, it was just as powerful and moving, and the powerlessness of the character begging to die was just as poignant as it might have been had their roles been reversed.</li>
</ol>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13589741654455548220noreply@blogger.com0